Summary the article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Summary the article - Essay Example conclusion, notes and references with details of writers, Keywords used in the study include bargaining agency fees, free riding, trade union membership and union joining. Free riding has been a contentious issue in Australian industrial relations. 51.7 % employees are considered as deliberately free riding. Implications of findings for union renewal have been discussed in the study. Large numbers of Australian workers take a free ride on union membership gaining the benefits of union coverage without paying costs of provision. Unionists view this as unfair. The study discusses free riding in detail, explains methods used for survey and discusses implications for public policy and union strategy. Unions cannot provide services free of cost but at the same time cannot afford to loose members. Free riding is important issue since it deprives unions of financial resources that could be used for organizing and power resources that could be used at the bargaining table and in the political arena. Data gathered helps to test whether benefits motivate people to join unions or not. The study differentiates between true free riders and induced riders. In USA, free riding is covered by union contracts. Cases in USA, Britain and New Zealand have been discussed as empirical studies. There are varieties of motivations for employees for joining or not joining unions basing on demography and worker characteristics. In Australia, free riding has increased from 1930s to 1990s due to decline in compulsory membership. In1990 agency fee of AUS $ 500 was increased from 300. It was imposed by ETU, and contributed a lot towards free riding. In 2001, fees were challenged but AIRC rejected the chall enge. In 2003, compulsory fees were outlawed under Act 2003 passed by Liberal National Government. Data used is based on AWRPS 2004, which surveyed 1000 Australian workers. Computer assisted telephone interviews were conducted from October

Valuing Literacy Essay Example for Free

Valuing Literacy Essay In speaking about the value of literacy in the classroom, it is essential to reflect upon our own personal histories in the classroom setting. Being that my favorite content has been primarily math, it was often difficult for me to be interested in literacy. Language, both spoken and written, did not appeal to me in the same way that math and numbers did. I always found math to be very logical, simple and straight forward, with understandable rules, while language seemed subjective, with rules that alter and change over time. However, even though language was not my favorite subject, it is vital to understand the ways in which people are aided by having a strong command of language. Development The development of the child as one passes through the school system is a constantly shifting and evolving process. I remember listening to bedtime stories as a young child and learning to read, then learning how to spell and write in elementary school and understanding the parts of speech. As I progressed into secondary school, I was expected to organize and refine my writing, developing concepts in depth. It is a natural process for children to start out slow with literacy skills. However, it is important for children to be supported in language acquisition as they grow older, promoting the comprehension of multifaceted ideas (Plaut, 2008). Content There were various methods employed by my parents and teachers to help me to fully understand the content of literacy. When reading with my parents, we took turns reading and pronouncing words. They encouraged me to read to them, just as they were happy to read to me. In elementary school, I received further instruction in grammar and semantics, learning how words worked within sentences, how words were spelled, how to gain meaning from the concepts being communicated. In secondary school, I was encouraged to write essays, to fine tune my organizational skills, and to communicate ideas in a comprehensive and orderly fashion. Experiences In reflecting on how some of my experiences with literacy were helpful or harmful, it is important to note that not all children learn about language in positive ways. Sometimes, the very people who are supposed to be our teachers use language to deflate the self esteem of children. I remember being reprimanded for reading something incorrectly, and the result was that I was less confident the next time. On the other hand, I remember instances of teachers praising my writing and pointing out what worked. I believe that praising the good is often more productive than shaming the mistakes. Social Impact The social impact of literacy is an important element of language acquisition. When family members, teachers, and friends are not highly educated in literacy or do not value language skills, then the result is a social environment which is not adequately supportive (McKenna Robinson, 2009). Social interactions have a way of making or breaking a person, and it is important to recognize the gulf between the expectations of the greater academic society and the reality of one’s social atmosphere. Practice In bringing my own literacy skills to a higher level and moving from being a student to being a teacher, it is highly important for me to be able to be an excellent model of literacy to the students I teach. Although I am focused on being a math teacher, the explanation and understanding of any subject has to be successfully communicated through language (Zwiers, 2007). It is of utmost importance to me and my future students that I be able to support them in polishing their literacy skills. In order to do this, I must focus on my own level of excellence. References McKenna, M. Robinson, R. (2009). Teaching through text: reading and writing in the content areas. Allyn and Bacon. Plaut, S. (2008). The Right to Literacy in Secondary Schools: Creating a Culture of Thinking. Teachers College Press. Zwiers, J. (2007). Building academic language: essential practices for content classrooms. John Wiley and Sons.

Comparing and contrasting Jane Eyre to Lord of the Flies :: English Literature

Comparing and contrasting Jane Eyre to Lord of the Flies The children's childhood in 'Lord of the Flies' is similar to Jane's in 'Jane Eyre' e.g. just like the boys, she is scared of something that may not be real. Jane is afraid to go into the 'Red Room', when Jane is told that she must go to the Red Room she says 'O Aunt! Have pity! Forgive me! I cannot endure it - let me be punished some other way!' She is afraid of the ghost of Mr. Reed who died in the room a long time ago. She has never seen the ghost but she is still afraid of the possibility that it might be there. This is similar to the boys in 'Lord of the Flies' who are scared of the 'beast' that inhabits the island their plane has crashed on, even though none of the children have seen it. In both of these incidents the children are afraid of something in their heads. Jane is different to the boys in 'Lord of the Flies' because the boys go looking for the 'beast' to prove that it does or does not exist. Jane doesn't even want to go near the red room and is quite happy to forget about the possibility of a ghost. Jane is disliked by the people around her (the Reeds). This is just like Piggy in the way that they are both disliked by the people around them. They have nowhere else to go so they must endure the agony of being hated. Jane reads a lot of books and in 'Lord of the Flies', when the boys first arrive on the island they compare their situation to the books that they have read i.e. Coral Island. In 'Jane Eyre' Jane hates the place that she has to live in and wishes that she could go and live somewhere else. Her knowledge of what she has read and how much imagination she has is shown here because in the book she wants to go and live in Lilliput or Brodingnad. The boys on the other hand love the place that they are in at the start - the prospects of no adults to control them are endless, but when the order the Democracy they created falls through, they begin to hate the island and wish to leave. The only adult relationship in 'Lord of the Flies' is very brief, it is between Ralph and the Navy Officer who has come to rescue the boys from the island. The officer does not understand Ralph or what has happened on the island.

Irony Literary Analysis Essay

Tragedy is a dramatic form that was first developed in ancient Greece. A  tragedy usually has these characteristics: The main character is involved in a struggle that ends in disaster. This character, often called the tragic hero, is a person of high rank who has the respect of the community.  The tragic hero’s downfall is usually the result of some combination of fate, an error in judgment, and a personality weakness often called a tragic flaw. Once the tragedy is in motion, the downfall is usually inevitable. The tragic hero gains wisdom or insight by the play’s end. Tragedy arouses feelings of pity and fear in the audience. Spectators pity the plight of the main character and fear that a similar fate might befall them. A tragic drama may also suggest that the human spirit is capable of remarkable nobility even in the midst of great suffering. An allegory is a story with more than one layer of meaning: a literal meaning and one or more symbolic meanings. The characters, settings, and themes in an allegory are symbols of ideas and qualities that exist outside the story. The Crucible is an allegory, because Miller uses one his ­ torical period and setting (seventeenth-century New England) to comment on another (1950s America). The tragedy that occurs in Salem is an allego ­ ry for the anti-Communist hysteria that gripped the United States during the 1950s. As you read, notice how the events in Salem echo the events surrounding the McCarthy hearings to tragic effect.

Notebook Analysis

Analysis of The Notebook Movie Clip Lindsey Scott ENG225 Allison Sansbury November 18, 2012 Analysis of The Notebook Movie Clip There are many people involved in making a movie possible. When everything is put together it seems as though it was just one simple camera shot. But looking closer and at a short clip of a movie shows a little light on how much was actually done to make it realistic. The first thing people notice and pay attention to are the actors. But who tells the actors where to stand, what to say, and what emotions to portray? Who adds that little bit of background music to bring out the anger, sadness, or love in a scene?When going through the â€Å"outtakes† of a movie it shows that there is someone responsible for putting just the right shots in the right place. There is more to a movie than just the actors and someone yelling â€Å"cut†. Watching a clip of the movie trailer for The Notebook brings all of these things to light. In the movie The Noteboo k the director is Nick Cassavetes. His role is to translate the screenwriter’s story so that the actors and crew can successfully play it out. It’s up to the director to turn the elements into film with words, images, and sound. This brings together an entertaining movie.Nick was able to take Nicholas Sparks book and bring the characters, emotions, and story to life. The way be brought together Nicholas Sparks’ vision and his own created an amazing movie. The production designer Sarah E. Knowles, was responsible for the overall look of a project. â€Å"They direct the art department and set builders to turn their imagination into reality. † (http://filmtvcareers. about. com/od/basics/p/CP_ProdDesigner. htm). In this clip the characters are outside a beautiful house. This setting is simply and an area that everyone can relate to.By not having them in some farfetched place Sarah kept the realistic feel to the couples argument. Art director Scott T. Ritenour over seed the artistic design of advertisements and print materials, as well as the filming of television commercials. He was the decision maker responsible for the finished product. â€Å"The art director chooses a photographer, an illustrator, models, and any props necessary for an ad. If a print ad comes back from the printer with an imperfection, the art director is responsible for retouching it. † (http://careers. stateuniversity. com/pages/115/Art-Director. tml#ixzz2CKahNlDp) This clip in particular is at night. The sky is dark with just the lighting of the porch light and driveway lights. Yet the lighting that the artists used allows us to be able to see the expressions on the characters faces. It sets a serious mood with the added emotion of trying to read each other’s faces in the dark. As the couple bickers back and forth they move along with the other to try and read their facial expressions. The clip ends with Noah driving away in his truck. As he is drivi ng down the driveway the only light is the path lights.This allows him to drive into the dark of the night and sets the thought of him being gone. As this is happening it shows Allie standing alone. The darkness of the night emphases Allie feeling alone and left behind as Noah drives away. Allie is from a wealthy family while Noah is quite poor. Throughout the movie you are constantly reminded about their social class standing by their appearance. In the clip of them breaking up, Allie of course is in a very nice and clean dress and jacket. Her hair is curled and her natural makeup gives her the innocent girl look. She continuously has matching earrings to her outfits.While Noah is in a flannel jacket, messy hair and using his work truck. Having Noah in lower class clothes while standing in front of Allie’s parents house shows the difference and why he would feel misplaced. Her family has already made it very clear that they are not ok with their relationship. Back in the 194 0’s (the time setting of the movie), it was not acceptable for a women from a wealthy family to court such a lower class man. We can see the struggle and heartache the two go through just to be together. Allis is always worried about what everyone else will think and what her parents want for her.Yet Noah is such a free spirit and just wants Allie to be happy. Showing Allie dressed so prim and proper whenever she is around anyone yet not caring if she is dirty, messy or dripping wet around Noah is a symbol of her love. It shows that she is so comfortable with him and truly does not care about the money or class statue. Noah tries to look his best when meeting her parents. By changing his appearance for Allie to try and make her feel more comfortable and have her relationship accepted by her family is such a kind gesture. Even though these costume changes are throughout the movie, it is

buy custom Life Balance essay

buy custom Life Balance essay The modern lifestyles are hectic and responsibilities taxing. An individual is taxed by demanding obligations both at work and at home to a point where the body, mind and sensory system is overwhelmed. Yet most of the engagements that an individual has to see through by the end of the day only reinforce the exhaustion of yester days, to a point where everyone is in a constant state of exhaustion, stress and depression. The more one works the more the boss demands. The more one gives to the family, the more is demanded. At the end of it all, leisure becomes something to read about and never to experience (Haworth Veal, 2004). It is funny that technology, which is supposed to have made work easier, has actually made people more occupied with tasks. There is never a day that one sits back and feels that he or she is free, without deadlines to beat, without demands pressing him or her down and without any calling schedules. That means that individuals are today in a constant state of work, at home and at the work place. The consequence of these has been frequent nervous breakdowns, stress, depression and other chronic diseases like heart failure (Iso-Ahola Haworth, 1997). The mantra of modern production at the work place is to give as much as it takes to get the job done, sleepless, break-less, meal-less and illogical spells included. There never seems to be a moment to leave the job behind and devote a moment to one's self. Even when the office hours are done, there will be a carry home assignment and of course, the kids will be waiting for their quality time. Workaholics perpetuate their engagements with family and social responsibilities until there is never a time to relax and calm down the nerves. The body soon burns out and diseases raid in (Trenberth Dewe, 2002). The definition of leisure is an engagement that is not work and which only purpose is self amusement. Leisure is an activity that one enjoys and in which the body, mind and soul rejoices in doing whether or not it is beneficial. Leisure activities demand very little from our bodies and from our mind, Insted of taxing an individual, leisure activities stimulate relaxation and enjoyment (Haworth Veal, 2004). This paper reviews the role of leisure in the day to day life of an individual whether in view of his or her career or in general life. The relevant question is what part does leisure play in our lives? The paper identifies notable schools of thoughts and experts in the contemporary body of knowledge and summarizes what these experts agree on when it comes to the role of leisure to ones career of life. This application of knowledge is used to determine how a leisure facility manager should organize his facility to cater for leisure activities that help individuals to cope better with the stress and strains of daily life and career demands. A final opinion is offered in respect to the arguments developed in the paper, as a conclusion on what role leisure plays in ones life or career. There have been many experts writing on the importance of leisure as a scale on which to balance work and life. Leisure has been deemed important in maintaining the life/work balance today. Kerry Patterson for instance is the co-author of the bestselling book, Crucial Confrontations, This book explores the points at which an individual must put a stop to one engagement and pick the other. He writes about a point at which one should limit the interruption of such technology as the mobile phone and internet and a point at which work must be separated from life. Peterson believes that a work email should never be viewed during leisure hours since if that accrues; work has crossed the borders and domineered on life. In the same way, personal relationships should not be allowed to cross the bridge to the work place. Colleen DeBaise is a world renown columnist in Washington Post and numerous other periodicals both offline and offline. Her column on Washington Post is called Balancing Work and Life. In most of her writing, she stresses on the need for entrepreneurs to balance their lives and their business commitments such that there is a moment in their lives to be themselves and not businesspersons. She is also the Editor in Chief and proprietor of SmartMoney.com, and she therefore knows what it means to be in entrepreneurship Al Gini is among the most prominent authors in the world on the subject of work/life balance. She has written a book titled, The Importance of being Lazy: In Praise of Play, Leisure and Vocation. In this book, she draws heavily on recent research findings about the American vacation habits. Her conclusion is that 'doing nothing' is one of the most fundamental human needs for healthy, happy individuals (Gini, 2003). Ruth Ostrow, a former Australian financial writer of prominent publications as The Finance Review, The Weekend Australian and BRW Magazine attained her prime in the late 1980s and early 1990's only to quit the corporate lifestyle on a near nervous breakdown (Ostrow, 2009). Today, she is a renowned speaker and writer on life/work balance and the need for leisure. She has written bestselling books. Her most thought provoking works are accessible at ruthostrow.com/worklifebalance.htm, where she frequently stresses on the need for a balanced work life. She draws heavily on her personal wreck due to the rat-race of workholism and the new passion she gained when work became part of her life and not her life parse (Ostrow, 2009). Some notable authors who should never miss a mention in a discussion about work and leisure are John Trevor Haworth and Anthony James Veal. They are the co-authors of the acclaimed work/life manual, Work and Leisure. The authors use some though provoking statistics to conclude that the more one works without leisure, the less effective and efficient he or she becomes. The more one works without leisure the more unproductive he or she becomes due to body malfunctions, complications and general fatigue in body and mind. Interestingly, these two authors draws heavily from the works of Joseph Pieper and Romano Guradini who identifies a point in time when America became very productive and yet people had the most amount of time for leisure. The trend observed has been a decrease in leisure allowance over the years and with it a decrease of efficient productivity in employees. Buy custom Life Balance essay

Black Actresses Speak Out About Colorism

Black Actresses Speak Out About Colorism Gabrielle Union, Tika Sumpter, and  Lupita Nyong’o have all been praised for their good looks. Because they are dark-skinned, however, they have all been asked to discuss how  colorism, or skin color discrimination, affected their self-esteem. These women and other actresses, such as Keke Palmer and Vanessa Williams, have all had unique experiences in and out of the entertainment industry based on their skin color. Hearing them discuss their encounters, or lack thereof, with colorism, sheds light on the hurdles that have yet to be overcome in race relations. Pretty For a Dark-Skinned Girl Actress Keke Palmer of â€Å"Akeelah and the Bee† fame discussed her desire to be lighter-skinned while sitting on the Hollywood Confidential Panel in 2013. â€Å"When I was like 5 years old I used to pray to have light skin because I would always hear how pretty that little light skin girl was, or I would hear I was pretty ‘to be dark skinned,’†Ã‚  Palmer revealed. â€Å"It wasn’t until I was 13 that I really learned to appreciate my skin color and know that I was beautiful.† The actress went on to say that African Americans need â€Å"to stop separating ourselves by how dark or how light we are.† Praying For Light Skin Palmer’s prayer for lighter skin sounds eerily similar to Lupita Nyong’o’s prayers as a youth. The Oscar winner revealed in early 2014 that she, too, begged God for lighter skin. Teased and bullied for her dark skin, Nyong’o desperately believed that God would answer her prayer. â€Å"The morning would come and I would be so excited about seeing my new skin that I would refuse to look down at myself until I was in front of a mirror because I wanted to see my fair face first,†Ã‚  she said. â€Å"And every day I experienced the same disappointment of being just as dark as I was the day before.† The success of dark-skinned model Alek Wek helped Nyong’o to appreciate her skin color. â€Å"A celebrated model, she was dark as night, she was on all of the runways and in every magazine and everyone was talking about how beautiful she was.† â€Å"Even Oprah called her beautiful and that made it a fact. I couldn’t believe that people were embracing a woman who looked so much like me as beautiful. My complexion had always been an obstacle to overcome and all of a sudden Oprah was telling me it wasn’t.† Colorism Still Affects Gabrielle Union Actress Gabrielle Union has no shortage of admirers but  she revealed in 2010 that growing up in an all-white town led to her developing low self-esteem, particularly about her skin color. Her white classmates did not pursue her romantically and she did not meet black boys until she, an athlete, headed off to basketball camp. â€Å"When I got to go to basketball camp and I got to be around black boys, I was like cool†¦until I got dumped†¦for a light skinned girl,† she said. â€Å"And then that whole thing started. My hair isn’t straight enough. My nose isn’t pointy enough. My lips are too big. My boobs aren’t big enough. And you start going through all of that. And I realize as I’ve gotten older a lot of issues that I was dealing with at 15, I am still dealing with today.† Union said that she’s also witnessed her teenaged niece confront the same issues with skin color and hair texture, leading her to believe â€Å"that there is a lot more work to do be done.† In Hollywood, where there’s a high premium on looks, Union said that she continues to grapple with insecurities. â€Å"In the business that I am in now, it is incredibly tough, and to be honest, sometimes it is hard to keep my head above the water, sometimes I feel like I’m drowning,† she said. â€Å"†¦You don’t get a job, and you immediately want to blame it on, if my hair was different, or maybe if my nose†¦or they just want to go with light-skin girls, and you start to doubt yourself, and the self-doubts and the low self-esteem starts to creep in.† Tika Sumpter Never Felt Less Than Actress Tika Sumpter remarked in 2014 that being dark-skinned never made her feel less than her five siblings, all of whom are lighter than she is. She said that her mother, who is lighter than her, and her father, who is also dark-skinned, always appreciated her complexion. â€Å"I never felt less than, so even growing up and getting into this business I always felt like well yeah of course you’re going to like me,†Ã‚  she told Oprah Winfrey. â€Å"†¦I never felt like, wow, the light-skinned girl- she’s going to get all the boys. Growing up I was like, yeah, of course I’m cute. †¦Of course I’m going to be the president of my class three years in a row. I was never made to feel less than, and it starts at home. It really does.† Hollywood Poses Challenges For All Black Women Actress Vanessa Williams, who has light skin and eyes, was asked in 2014 to discuss the success of Lupita Nyong’o and whether skin color poses a barrier for dark-skinned women. â€Å"Getting a good role is hard no matter what you look like, and Lupita did a phenomenal job,†Ã‚  Williams said. â€Å"She went to Yale School of Drama and this was the first thing she did out of her tutelage there and she’s a brilliant actress†¦ She’s amazing because she embodied that role and made you feel. â€Å"It’s hard to get good roles anyway, no matter how fair your skin is†¦no matter how brown your skin is. It’s up to you to make the best out of each opportunity that you’re given.†

Understanding Typed Constants in Delphi

Understanding Typed Constants in Delphi When Delphi invokes an event handler, the old values of local variables are wiped out. What if we want to keep track of how many times a button has been clicked? We could have the values persist by using a unit-level variable, but it is generally a good idea to reserve unit-level variables only for sharing information. What we need are usually called static variables or typed constants in Delphi. Variable or Constant Typed constants can be compared to initialized variables-variables whose values are defined on entry to their block (usually event handler). Such a variable is initialized only when the program starts running. After that, the value of a typed constant persists between successive calls to their procedures. Using typed constants is a very clean way of implementing automatically initialized variables. To implement these variables without typed constants, well need to create an initialization section that sets the value of each initialized variable. Variable Typed Constants Although we declare typed constants in the const section of a procedure, it is important to remember that they are not constants. At any point in your application, if you have access to the identifier for a typed constant youll be able to modify its value. To see typed constants at work, put a button on a blank form, and assign the following code to the OnClick event handler: procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject) ; const   Ã‚   clicks : Integer 1; //not a true constant begin    Form1.Caption : IntToStr(clicks) ;    clicks : clicks 1; end; Notice that every time you click on the button, forms caption increments steadily.Now try the following code: procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject) ; var   Ã‚   clicks : Integer; begin    Form1.Caption : IntToStr(clicks) ;    clicks : clicks 1; end; We are now using an uninitialized variable for the clicks counter. Notice that weird value in the forms caption after you click on the button. Constant Typed Constants You have to agree that idea of modifiable constants sounds a bit strange. In 32 bit versions of Delphi Borland decided to discourage their use, but support them for Delphi 1 legacy code. We can enable or disable Assignable typed constants on the Compiler page of the Project Options dialog box. If youve disabled Assignable typed constants for a given project, when you attempt to compile previous code Delphi will give you Left side cannot be assigned to error upon compilation. You can, however, create assignable typed constant by declaring: {$J} const clicks : Integer 1; {$J-} Therefore, the first example code looks like: procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject) ; const {$J}   Ã‚   clicks : Integer 1; //not a true constant {$J-} begin    Form1.Caption : IntToStr(clicks) ;    clicks : clicks 1; end; Conclusion Its up to you to decide whether you want typed constants to be assignable or not. The important thing here is that besides ideal for counters, typed constants are ideal for making components alternately visible or invisible, or we can use them for switching between any Boolean properties. Typed constants can also be used inside TTimers event handler to keep track of how many times even has been triggered.

Religion in the Medieval Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Religion in the Medieval Europe - Essay Example These were practiced in various ways including, divination that comprised of astrology, palm reading, interpretation of dream and reading of omens. Medical magic was also part of magical practice. It involved the use of charms, medical astrology, prayers and use of medical herbs. Other forms of practicing magic included the use of protective amulets alchemy and sorcery, which was the use of magic with an intention to harm. However, it faced opposition from the Christian religion, which viewed the use of magic as idolatry. Magic can be viewed as a religion from Etic and Emic perspectives. The initial refers to its perception from outside tradition while the latter refers to perception from within the religion. Christians, on the other hand, defined magic from what it is not. The definition was magic is neither a religion nor a science. Various groups blamed each other of practicing magic due to their varied beliefs. The church distinguished magic as not being a religion by believing t hat the church was a true religion while magic was demonic. Religion was associated with god while magic was associated with demons besides; magic was viewed to be a manipulation while prayer was viewed to be supplication (Hamilton 39). The theory of magic has an evolutionary model, which described the process to begin from magic to religion, then Christian religion that was to be taken over by science. This, however, was criticised by scholars who claimed that it was outdated, unsubstantial, unscholarly and bias. Magic was practiced in the pre modern Europe across the demographic boundaries as pagans adapted to Christianity, which accommodated them. This was due to the influence of the Arabs and scientific inventions. However, the Christians viewed magic as a cult. Magic became increasingly identifiable as definite phenomena in the medieval Europe. Until the conversion period of 300CE to 1100CE, this had acculturation characteristics including paganism coming to terms with Christia nity, beliefs adapting to new religious views. In addition, at this point, the rulers of pagan societies got themselves aligned with the church (Louise, Edward & Raudvere 10). The Christians dominated the region and introduced its own view on culture to the local community. Tension arose between the locals who were pagans and the Christians who were the intruders. The church distinguished between magic and miracles. They viewed magic as an illusion that was created by demons while miracle was real actual and non-illusory. This was more evident on the Christian writings which included book IV of Isidore of Seville’s etymology, which is against divination and demonic behaviour and practices. Belief was one important thing at this time of conversion. The church believed that magic was conducted by demons and highly condemned it. It was believed by the pagans that there were women who were capable of cutting fingerprints of the foot and performs rituals with them. In addition, so me women were dedicated to killing people through devil powers. Bishop Buchan of worms (950-1025) discouraged this. St. Benedict’s and St. Gregory the great (540-604) gave a description of how St. Benedict saw through an illusion a fire that consumed the monks which he perceived that was caused by a heath idol buried under the building. Strigae was a roman term used by pagans to refer to vampire creatures and witches. The penal code in medieval condemned the belief in the Striga who were claimed to steal children. The belief that a certain woman had experienced a nocturnal flight with the pagan gods Diana who was recognised as a Striga was

Drug and Substance Abuse among Nursing Professionals Research Paper

Drug and Substance Abuse among Nursing Professionals - Research Paper Example The primary factor that influences high drug abuse recognition is the assumption that drug abusers are either economically depressed or ignorant about the dangers of drugs. Nurses and other health care professionals are taken by society as people who are financially well-up and able to manage stress and depression. The society seems to ignore the fact that no one is his or her own doctor. Even those who take care of the social and psychological needs of the society need social and psychological help. Contrary to the general societal misconception, the number of nurses abusing drugs and alcohol has increased over the years. Researchers have found a significant number of nurses who report the lack of moral support from the society as the major factor that influences them to take drugs. The society seems to be over-expectant on the role of nursing, forgetting that nurses are also human beings and can get depressed. At the same time, a nurse who is found taking drugs such as alcohol is seen as an irresponsible profession who needs to be fired for being a bad role model to the society. Nurses are expected to be morally upright all the time. The society does not expect them to take drugs and preach against them at the same time. Based on the misconception of the society towards nursing, many health care professionals are forced to take drugs while hiding. They develop the feeling that people will not trust their services if they see them taking alcohol, smoking, or taking any other type of drug that society deems immoral.

TOXOPLASNOSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

TOXOPLASNOSIS - Essay Example The disease is caused by the protozoan parasites known as Toxoplasma gondii (Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, 2013). The parasite has been found in various parts of the world, in many species. Most of the species includes carnivorous and herbivorous mammals and birds. Moreover, the disease is prevalent in all human population. However, the carrier of the parasite is usually the cat and is primarily associated with the transmission of parasites in all human population (David et al., n.d.). The infection is usually reported having spread in human by eating contaminated meat especially pork and lamb (David et al., n.d.). On the other hand, the parasite has been shown to be prevalent in women of childbearing age usually 15 to 44 years of age (David et al., n.d.). As a result, the parasite has attracted attention of healthcare provider in pregnant women. The parasite is transmitted in various ways. The major form of transmission is through food (Centres for Disease Contr ol and Prevention (CDC), 2013). Most, the tissue form of parasites is transmitted to human through the food. The transmission occurs through eating undercooked or contaminated meat, failure to wash hand after handling contaminated meat, and eating food on utensils that had contact with raw contaminated meat (CDC, 2013). Secondly, transmission may occur from animal to human. Usually cats are infected by eating infected animals (CDC, 2013). Consequently, the parasite is shed in cat faeces as oocyst. As a result, people are infected in various ways. The infection may occur through ingestion of oocyst after cleaning a cat’s litter box, ingestion of oocyst after touching or ingesting anything in proximity with cats faeces, or drinking water that have parasites from a cat’s faeces (CDC, 2013). Moreover, infection can be passed from mother to unborn child. The infection occurs during pregnancy where parasites pass to the unborn child (CDC, 2013). Additionally, the parasites m ay be passed through organ transplant. The recipient may get parasites if the donor has already been infected by the parasite (CDC, 2013). However, it is rare for the parasite to be passed through blood donation. In most cases, the parasite affects people without being noticed. In fact, the infection is asymptomatic in 80% of people (Department of Health, 2007). However, the most common sign in individuals infected with the parasite is enlarged lymph nodes usually around the neck (Department of Health, 2007). The other symptoms include muscle pain, intermittent fever and malaise (Department of Health, 2007). The infection arising after birth mostly leads to mild illness. On the other hand, dominant infection may occur in a lifetime. However, the symptoms may reactivate once an individual immune system is compromised. In immune suppressed patients, the disease may develop with serious complications such as in the heart, brain, and pneumonia (Department of Health, 2007). Most of the c omplications lead to death. In individuals with AIDS, cerebral toxoplasmosis is frequent form of complication (Department of Health, 2007). On the other hand, severe toxoplasmosis during pregnancy may affect the unborn child (Department of Health, 2007). The infection leads to serious complications such as brain damage, liver damage, and spleen and eye disorders. Moreover, infection during pregnancy leads to severe complications for the foetus. The

Budgetary Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Budgetary Planning - Essay Example In the meantime, if the employees find it difficult to attain the targets then it might instead be de-motivating for them (University of Gothenburg. â€Å"Budget-A Perfect Management Tool†). Organizations can allocate certain percentage of budget in order to motivate the employees when they are performing well in an organization. For instance, the company can arrange for travel program for the sales support team that attains the target on a stipulated period of time. In such cases, the company will bear the complete expenses of the employees sent for travelling along with the family (University of Gothenburg. â€Å"Budget-A Perfect Management Tool†). Such kind of budgets can assist in motivating the employee to a great extent and thus can assist the organization to attain its objectives within a short period of time. It is to be remembered that such budgets help to augment the performance of the employees and thus increase their productivity as well. Budget is one of the significant sources of motivation for the employees. Hence, it is crucial for an organization to plan budgets in a way so that it can be utilized for the purpose of motivating the employees. It is to be remembered by the employers that the budgets will have no motivational effects unless they are accepted by the managers involved as their own personal target. In such circumstances, the employer needs to make the managers involvement compulsory in such activities. It is a well known fact that the demanding budgets are seen as more applicable in comparison to less difficult targets. However, negative attitudes can result in if they are viewed as too complex. Therefore, in such circumstances, allocation of budget needs to be done properly so that it serves as a motivational tool. Acceptance of budgets is facilitated when good upward communication exists. The use of departmental meetings can be quite helpful in encouraging the managers to accept

Humor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Humor - Essay Example Every time the gray unicorn Charlie is misled and faces some loss or the other including his kidney, horn and TV. The video uses mainly three elements of humor to amuse its audience. Firstly, each of the videos in this series contains funny starts, for instance, a silly song, which is nice to hear despite its meaninglessness to the rational mind, comments with self-irony and funny names. (Medgyes, 8-9) In the first video as the three unicorns approach the Candy Mountain, the five letters of the word ‘CANDY’ begins to sing a song in order to invite Charlie inside the cave – â€Å"Its the mecca of love in the candy cave. They got jellybeans and coconuts with little hats† (Charlie the Unicorn). Coconuts and jellybeans normally do not have hats. In the second video, the Santa Claus type creature (known as Frogus) begins to sing a song asking Charlie to put a banana in his ear whenever he is sad – â€Å"Put a ripe banana right into your favourite ear! Its true† (Charlie the Unicorn 2). No one has perhaps ever done such a thing with a rational mind. The third video includes a silly song sung by the strange creature looking like a hybrid form of a goal and seal. The song is trying to convince Charlie how loved he is by all the creatures of the sea. The way they are sung is funny and their meaningless stems from the choice of words. Other examples of funny starts include self-irony - â€Å"What the-Oh, sleeping gas! Of course. Why did I expect any different?† (Charlie The Unicorn 3) Charlie gets carried away for a second but soon realizes that he has repeated the same mistake of following his friends’ advice and expresses it aloud, therefore striking the humor. Medgyes shows through examples â€Å"the fun of being self-critical† (Medgyes, 21). Funny names have been used frequently in the second video of Charlie where the giant sneaker is referred as the train and called the â€Å"choo choo shoe†. The pinka nd blue unicorn sings aloud – â€Å"Chugga

Management Skills in Adult Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Management Skills in Adult Nursing - Essay Example Communication with other health professionals is vital to health care delivery. In this case, communicating with the attending physician was essential to the patient’s care. The attending physician is the primary health professional charged with the patient’s care. All medical decisions and interventions (except independent nursing interventions) have to be cleared with him. The discharge notes indicated that the patient had to be taught various techniques on how to prevent future falls and had to have a diet plan. Fox (2008) advises that making such plans with other health professionals is a part of the nursing practice. I was able to coordinate well with the physician, especially as he indicated the need to establish a high-calcium and high-fibre diet with the client; moreover, he also indicated in the discharge notes that good lighting and patient assistance during mobile periods would help prevent falls. I also communicated with the patient and his family, I used si mple words, avoiding the use of technical medical terms (Bell, et al., 2009). I also asked the patient to repeat some of the health teachings back to me. I encouraged the patient and the family to ask questions on how they could prevent falls and on the patient’s diet plan (Bell, et al., 2009). I patiently answered their questions and also took the time to demonstrate what they could do to help the patient recover from the fracture. I taught the patient how to safely get up from bed, how to safely walk from one place to another, and I also communicated with the family by reviewing with them what they could do to help their family member (Bell, et.al., 2009). This included the meals they could prepare for the patient, the need for the patient to safely move about, and the importance of preventing and managing fall risks. Based on my readings on healthy diet plans for elderly patients, I was able to discover that I need some improvements in my practice on such aspect of nursing care. Although I had the working knowledge on the appropriate diet plans for elderly and for patients with recent hip surgeries, I was not thoroughly confident in such knowledge. Webb (2011) recommends the use of primary evidence in the practice. Using the books in the hospital helped provide me with immediate knowledge that was essential to the establishment of an effective diet plan. There were information in the books which I was not aware of and reviewing such data allowed me to understand the condition of the patient and his diet needs.

Humor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Humor - Essay Example Every time the gray unicorn Charlie is misled and faces some loss or the other including his kidney, horn and TV. The video uses mainly three elements of humor to amuse its audience. Firstly, each of the videos in this series contains funny starts, for instance, a silly song, which is nice to hear despite its meaninglessness to the rational mind, comments with self-irony and funny names. (Medgyes, 8-9) In the first video as the three unicorns approach the Candy Mountain, the five letters of the word ‘CANDY’ begins to sing a song in order to invite Charlie inside the cave – â€Å"Its the mecca of love in the candy cave. They got jellybeans and coconuts with little hats† (Charlie the Unicorn). Coconuts and jellybeans normally do not have hats. In the second video, the Santa Claus type creature (known as Frogus) begins to sing a song asking Charlie to put a banana in his ear whenever he is sad – â€Å"Put a ripe banana right into your favourite ear! Its true† (Charlie the Unicorn 2). No one has perhaps ever done such a thing with a rational mind. The third video includes a silly song sung by the strange creature looking like a hybrid form of a goal and seal. The song is trying to convince Charlie how loved he is by all the creatures of the sea. The way they are sung is funny and their meaningless stems from the choice of words. Other examples of funny starts include self-irony - â€Å"What the-Oh, sleeping gas! Of course. Why did I expect any different?† (Charlie The Unicorn 3) Charlie gets carried away for a second but soon realizes that he has repeated the same mistake of following his friends’ advice and expresses it aloud, therefore striking the humor. Medgyes shows through examples â€Å"the fun of being self-critical† (Medgyes, 21). Funny names have been used frequently in the second video of Charlie where the giant sneaker is referred as the train and called the â€Å"choo choo shoe†. The pinka nd blue unicorn sings aloud – â€Å"Chugga

Technological Disasters Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Technological Disasters - Annotated Bibliography Example 2. In the article Cyberbullying: Intervention and Prevention Strategies by (Feinberg, 2011), the author outlines the various prevention strategies of cyberbullying. These interventions are mainly aimed at protecting children and teenagers, since they are the ones mostly affected by electronic bullying. The article also illustrates the various types of cyberbullying. Bullying has severe social, psychological, and physical effects. Feinberg (2011) cites emotional harm as a significant impact of cyberbullying. The cyberbullying victims suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to the trauma associated with bullying threats. 3. Donegan studies the history, law, and prevention of bullying. The author illustrates that most teens make frequent access to the Internet, including chatting, downloading music, searching for school assignment, and communicating with friends. As the teens move through the highly competitive education system, they may start to bully or be bullied. Lawmakers continue to wrestle with the issue of cyberbullying. As of June 2010, about 43 states in the United Statea had bullying prevention laws (Donegan, 2012) 4. Little or no warning precedes events that are associated with technological hazards. None of the victims of cyberbullying are prepared to be bullied. Patchin (2006) illustrates the emotional and psychological impacts of cyberbullying. The victims often exhibit symptoms of depression. Depression can be a sign of trauma. Also, the victims of cyberbullying fear to go school, and experience dysphoric feelings of humiliation and loneliness. As a consequence, they often suffer from trauma. Continuing exposure to cyberbullying makes them to suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder. 5. In the book Female crime victims: Reality reconsidered by Burgess-Proctor, Patchin, and Hinduja (2009),

Nato in Afghanistan Essay Example for Free

Nato in Afghanistan Essay NATO’s (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) continued presence in Afghanistan will continue to foster the development of democratization, human rights and development, while effectively eliminating the Taliban from the region. The rise of the Taliban occured when the Soviets invaded Afghanistan in 1979, during the Cold War. The Soviets came into Afghanistan looking to expand their Communist empire. As a result of this Communist expansion in Afghanistan, the USA decided to take counter action against the Soviets, their Cold War enemy, by funding an opposition party. This opposition, called the Mujahedeen, was a religious group with the objective to fight off the change in their cultural country. When the Mujahedeen (now known as the Taliban) drove the Soviets out of Afghanistan, there was the opportunity for a group to take power in the country since the former government had been brought down. As the Taliban had the money and power, they took the opportunity to take control in the country. The Soviet Invasion had made such horrific living conditions to live in, that Afghanistan was known to be the top migrating country at the time. There were 5-10 million Afghans that fled to Iran and Pakistan to seek refuge, with an outstanding 670,000 to 2 million killed. The largest city Kabul, went from a mid-large population of 200,000 people to less than 25,000 people- followed by a month-long campaign of carpet combing and bulldozing by the Soviets and Afghan communist soldiers in 1987. The horror did not just end after the Soviets fled. Today there are an estimated 10-15 million landmines left scattered across the country side, some of which are still active today. It is estimated to take 4,300 years to remove all the land mines that were placed during the Soviet Invasion in Afghanistan, leaving the country as a current dangerous battle zone. When the Soviets left Afghanistan in 1989, Afghanistan was in a very bad position. All that was left was an almost empty government system, an armed terrorist group with high power, and a lack of resource development. During the Taliban rule (from 1989), young Afghan women were shot for attending school, assaulted for not wearing a burqa, and spat on by the ruling class. Although the USA had funded the Taliban during the Soviet Invasion, the outbreak by the Taliban has resulted in NATO choosing to step forward to spread fair a democracy in a needing nation. The current mission that NATO has in Afghanistan is a guide and structure build for developing a strong secular government system- rather than what some Afghan Taliban may refer to it as, â€Å"a destruction of Afghan sovereignty. † The Taliban, or as they call themselves, â€Å"The Warriors and Protectors of Islam,† want to keep Afghanistan as a traditional and pure country with no outside influences such as NATO. Harsh punishments from the Taliban are more often set on Afghan citizens to create bigger scare and public awareness, showing they have no tolerance for broken set rules (their rules that they bring into extremity from the Quran). Having a westernized organization like NATO in Afghanistan upsets the Taliban and Al Qaeda. Although Al Qaeda and the Taliban are different groups, this is an occasion where Al Qaeda and the Taliban agreed to fight together. The Taliban originally did not accept the Arabian group Al Qaeda to set up a base in Afghanistan, but these two different groups both had a common agreement on the abolishment of westernized influences. During this war against the USA, former leader of Al Qaeda, Osama Bin Laden, allied with the Taliban for a Jihad, which according to author Gohari, means, â€Å"A holy war against the Americans who are occupying the land of the two shrines,† and states that a US war on his country, Saudi Arabia, would soon cause an alliance of Muslims to be a US war on Muslims all over the globe. Now, the war has parted into two sides: the USA as part of NATO, versus the Taliban and Al Qaeda. Now one may be wondering what exactly drives the Taliban to act as they do, and the reason is their perspective on religion (Islam). They control governance very similar to a right wing, fascist party. There is a huge reliance on using the religion of Islam to maintain control of society, frequently taken to the extremity, and often at the expense and contradiction of Islamic thought, theory and belief. The Taliban were the elites of Afghanistan before NATO came in and controlled governance, punishing those who choose to disobey their rules and ideologies. The Afghans lived under the Taliban rule in Afghanistan long before the Soviets even fled. It is important to note that the Taliban is an embodiment of a male Afghan mindset, a force that has extreme traditional and religious views. Thus, all individuals with these extreme views are essentially having the same viewpoints of the Taliban. To author Fereshta, â€Å"The Taliban rule is the reason my grandmother cannot read. She explains that the reason behind her grandmother’s illiteracy was the extreme traditional mindset from men several years ago, that affected the treatment of women. During the ruling, as a force, the Taliban were able to strip women of even their basic rights, beyond just their education. Some examples of rules the Taliban have in place (the Taliban still control some sections of Afghanistan) include; pun ishments for: women walking in the street without a blood relative, women speaking loudly in public allowing strangers to hear their voice, and even the presence of a woman in the media. Men as well have been punished. It was almost essential to be purely part of the Islamic faith or they would face consequences. The Taliban has harsh rules set on women in particular, reasoning some support this NATO mission to take out this strongly fascist-like force. This is why NATO’s mission in Afghanistan is to create a secular government- where religion does not in any way affect the laws and rules of its citizens, and in the process destroying Al Qaeda and the Taliban. Evidently, it is vital for NATO to stay in Afghanistan. Without NATO’s involvement, the Taliban would re-establish their power within the first 24 hours of NATO’s leave. It is important to understand that it isn’t the strength of the twenty thousand Taliban in Afghanistan that is the problem, but it is the extremely weak ninety thousand Afghanistan military set to effectively fight terrorism off. In order to permanently stop the Taliban ruling in Afghanistan, the members of NATO need to put in effective effort into the mission, rather than planning to pull out an simply fund money. It is much more beneficial for the country of Afghanistan to have a strong NATO leader with them to assist and fully physically train its military, rather than NATO partially assisting and only providing temporary services. The foreign policies for members of NATO should not be to withdraw troops and make plans to leave by 2014, but to be efficient by deploying experienced troops and commanders, allowing the Afghan military to be better trained. The Afghanistan military knows that NATO is there to train them, and if NATO decides  to start taking away troops, then all efforts already placed to the Afghan military will go to waste as Afghan military cannot yet sustain itself. Members of NATO must be active in Afghanistan and remain dedicated in order to fully build the developed future of Afghanistan. It is also suggested that NATO controls Afghan cities and roads connecting them, to reduce the number of coalition troops who are killed by road side bombs, making the mission more efficient. NATO also needs to work on the control of the opium exports from Afghanistan. About 60% of the world’s illegal opium imports come from Afghanistan, allowing the Taliban to tax local farmers on these exports, resulting in illegally attained money from the black market. With NATO’s mission in place, a structure of democracy is slowly being built. They are interning the economic structure of Afghanistan by the creation of a free market, a boost in the economy, a structure of authority, and a major incline in social qualities (freedom of press and religion). The International Security Assistance force (ISAF) is also a force working in Afghanistan which along with NATO has passed several stages of the mission. In fact, NATO has taken the Taliban out of power, significantly helped the country with its increase in national security, education and healthcare, and has also assisted with the increase in media and free press, rising to seventy five TV stations and one million internet users. By allowing the people of Afghanistan to have a democratic voice and opinion, they can prevent a small group such as the Taliban from ruling the streets again. NATO’s disrespectful behaviour has also been another issue in Afghanistan. Many of the Afghan people are not pleased with NATO’s conducts. It is argued by some that NATO’s conduct hogs land, blocks roads, allows them to mistreat prisoners, and causes the deaths of innocent civilians. However, dealing with civilians is not easy for NATO. Distinguishing who is an ally, and who is in an enemy is not easy when fighting an intelligent group like the Taliban, who employ guerrilla warfare. This results in blame towards NATO for having detrimental behavior, and mistreating innocent civilians thought to be in disguise. However, NATO’s justification is that there have been 50+ cases of troops being killed by who appeared to be their own colleagues disguised in Afghan Army clothing, but were actually secret Taliban members. NATO states that  there have been several casualties during this mission, a lot of which NATO blames civilians for not following conduct rules and disobeying them for their safety. However, Afghan people still do have a valid reason to disrespect NATO soldiers. It would upset any Afghan knowing troops have been taking pictures of themselves posing beside dead Taliban fighters, and hearing reports that talk about soldiers urinating on dead corpses. If NATO wants to successfully complete its mission, then they need its members and soldiers to fully commit to the cause without disorderly conduct. It is important for NATO members to stay in Afghanistan right now in order to fully complete their mission, rather than pulling out in 2014. Afghanistan is now governed by a democratic government, which still needs more development in national security in order to sustain itself. Having NATO stay a few years more will insure the Afghanistan military and government can maintain their position, resulting in a socially and economically developing country. It is not just western influences that NATO is trying to place in Afghanistan. NATO is there taking out the Mujahedeen to create a stable economy, a democratic government system and an end to the ‘Religious Fascism’ currently controlling Afghanistan. In our modern day society, for a country to be stable, they must develop those three factors; a stable economy, a secure democratic government system, and a society where citizens can make their own choices. Having an organization like NATO in Afghanistan, will allow them to develop in areas they need in order to be a successful country. Works Cited FERESHTA. The Globe and Mail.   The Globe and Mail. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Nov. 2012. lt;http://www. theglobeandmail. com/commentary/who-are-the-taliban/article4188069/gt;. Gilles, Dorronsoro. Who Are the Taliban? -Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.   Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. N. p. , 22 Oct. 2009. Web. 01 Nov. 2012. lt;http://www. carnegieendowment. org/2009/10/22/who-are-taliban/161gt;. Gohari, M. J. The Taliban: Ascent to Power. Karachi: Oxford UP, 2000. Print. Herda, D. J. The Afghan Rebels: The War in Afghanistan. New York: F. Watts, 1990. Print. NATO and Afghanistan Questions and Answers. NATO Public Diplomacy Division, n. d. Web. 23 Oct. 2012. lt;http://www. nato. int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_publications/NATO_and_Afgh_LR_en. pdfgt;. NATO Training Mission-Afghanistan.   Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 11 Jan. 2012. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. lt;http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/NATO_Training_Mission-Afghanistangt;. Ruth, Fremson. Taliban.    The New York Times. N. p. , 02 Nov. 2012. Web. 02 Nov. 2012. lt;http://topics. nytimes. com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/t/taliban/index. htmlgt;. Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (1979).   Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n. d. Web. 03 Nov. 2012. lt;http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/1499983/Soviet-invasion-of-Afghanistangt;. Usman, Sharifi. AFP: Two NATO Troops Killed in Afghan Insider Attack.   Google News. N. p. , n. d. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. lt;http://www. google. om/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i8SCT8_4WAeAYPgTp71tdQGSc9jg? docId=CNG. 6d1f4bcbd63425ddcfc84f92f4377f7d. 71gt;. Two Arguments for What to Do in Afghanistan TIME. Breaking News, Analysis, Politics, Blogs, News Photos, Video, Tech Reviews TIME. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 2 Jan. 2013. lt;http://www. time. com/time/magazine/arti [ 1 ]. Soviet war in Afghanistan† Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ 2 ]. Soviet war in Afghanistan† Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia. [ 3 ]. Soviet war in Afghanistan† Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 4 ]. D. J. Herda The Afghan Rebels: The War in Afghanistan. New York: F. Watts, 1990. P. 47-59. Print. [ 5 ]. Sami, Ron Moreau, Yousafzai. Afghanistans Taliban Wish Al Qaeda Would Go Away.   The Daily Beast. Newsweek/Daily Beast, 13 Aug. 2012. Web. 02 Jan. 2013. [ 6 ]. M. J Gohari, the Taliban: Ascent to Power. Karachi: Oxford UP, 2000. P. 73-81. Print. [ 7 ]. FERESHTA. Who are the Taliban  The Globe and Mail. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Nov. 2012. . [ 8 ]. Two Arguments for What to Do in Afghanistan TIME.   Breaking News, Analysis, Politics, Blogs, News

Into The Lake Of The Woods Essay -- Literary Analysis, Tim OBrian

People often have nicknames to describe details about themselves. Nicknames are not self-created but given to the person from friends or even comrades. In â€Å"Into The Lake Of The Woods† By Tim O' Brian, this is the case with John Wade, a former soldier that was nicknamed â€Å"Sorcerer†. John Wade is named Sorcerer because of use of magic in his youth and how the men is his squad would feel protected because of his magical powers. As Sorcerer is Wade's alter ego, it seems that it goes on to cost him dearly later in his life. Wade eventually ends up becoming governor of Minnesota and tries to run for U.S Senate. He loses in a landslide victory to his opponent as evidence of the My Lai incident is uncovered. His actions as Sorcerer start to make his life for the worse. It is seen later that Wade's wife, Kathy, is missing and Wade is soon suspected as he remains calm and not involved in the search party. O’Brien does not make it clear on how it Kathy's disappeara nce occurs but it is clear what happens. Sorcerer arrives again in John Wade as he pulls one final magic trick: to make Kathy disappear....forever. John Wade is an odd character in this novel as he goes through dramatic shifts in his life. Before the My Lai uncovering, John was seen as a respectable guy. He was physical attractive, had a â€Å"beautiful woman† (21) as his wife and he was polished. Behind all that though was something, disturbing to say the least. John would â€Å"wake up in the middle of the night screaming sometimes† (29). This was an indication that there were problems he was dealing with, and he was. John's depressing childhood and horrors of the My Lai incident eventually consumed him. John's childhood was rough because he had an abusive father which evidently, has s... ...stanced himself from relationships to concentrate on the horrible reality of war. As Sorcerer, he was able to kill without doubt and follow orders. He was seen as the magic protector of the squad as he also performed magic tricks in war. Sorcerer was able to keep him and the others safe and survive the Vietnam war. In the book, John Wade and Sorcerer are one. They are qualities of one person that ultimately makes him. It seems as the book progresses, Sorcerer takes over more and more until towards the end when Wade goes looking for Kathy. It seems Wade is able to overcome his loneliness and deteriorating mental state to come back as the respectable, good looking man people saw him as. We may never know what happened to Kathy and if the evidence chapter is really true in figuring out her fate but we see John Wade let go of Sorcerer and becomes himself again.

Overpopulation Causes Social Problems Essay -- Cause Effect Environmen

How Overpopulation Causes Social Problems Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how overpopulation causes social problems. To do so you must take many things into consideration, such as different views of racial problems and conflicting definitions of a social problem. Social problems can be defined in many different ways. They effect everyone and some of us encounter problems everyday as a result of our race, religion, gender, or low income. Others experience problems from technological change or declining neighborhoods, others are affected directly by crime and violence in their own neighborhood, and sometimes definitions of social problems are changed by society because of changes around you. Finally in order to achieve the purpose of this which is to examine and discuss different issues and situations that cause social problems such as poverty. Overpopulation and social problems go hand and hand in today’s society and there are many reasons and factors as to why these problems exist. Factors that lead to overpopulation that causes social problems are the increase in the number of single mothers in poor neighborhoods opposed to the decline in birth rates in the more efficient parts of the country, how the death rate is at a steady decline because of medical advances in rich and poor countries, the effects immigrants have on an environment and the population growth that occurs, the influence parents leave on children, and what is being done to help prevent the spread of AIDS because this is a deadly disease which is lowering our population but causing many social problems. Elements of a Social Problem There are also elements that make up a social problem. One of these elements is that â€Å"they cause physical or mental damage to individuals or society† (Carter p16) which means that sometimes people may permanently suffer before any action is taken to solve the problem because everybody thought it was not that big of a deal until sometimes permanent or short term damage has occurred. Another element is †they offend the values or standards of some powerful segment of society† (Carter p16) which means no matter what you do someone will always take offense against your actions because everyone has different views and values and what is important to some may not be to others. Another element is that â€Å"they persist for an ... ... is always a good future ahead and sometimes it is not always the parents blame. I also asked her opinion of the topic of my paper and if she thinks overpopulation is the main reason for social problems. She said that social problems are caused by many factors not just one and from her experience that in inner city areas where the population is higher there seem to be more problems that exist compared to an urban neighborhood where the population is lower. Conclusion In Conclusion social problems will always exist because social problems change as time changes. We often tend to overlook what we call necessities others call luxuries. Therefore in the future I hope social problems will become non-existent but that is pretty much impossible. I also feel that poverty is a huge problem we face as a world and that even though it is impossible to solve this problem, we must look at it as an ongoing problem and do our best to help solve this problem. In final I feel that overpopulation with a couple other factors such as diseases, young pregnancies, and the one that I think has the most importance is the environment you grow up in helps shape you into the person you grow up to be.

Can We Talk Essay

The article Can We Talk? Researcher Talks About the Role of Communication in Happy Marriages† gives us results as related to couples in marriages. In today’s society, many couples are too busy to stop, sit down, and have a meaningful conversation with their significant others. Terri Orbach, research scientist at the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan, has studied 373 married couples for more than 20 years. We will examine the findings and explore some of the roles of communication in happy marriages. After reading the text and the required article, I became more aware of what self-disclosure is and how it can affect relationships. Self-disclosure is defined as sharing aspects of yourself with other people. This can be a form of â€Å"showing your true colors†. Sharing areas of yourself that may have been misconceived, showing interest in others, and being more involved are ways that you can open up and form close bonds. In marriages, you assume that couples are already in-the-know about their mate. But this sometimes can be a part of a learning process in the relationship. I can relate to the article because I often find myself at a loss for words. I have been in a few relationships that were on different types of levels; professional, informal and social. Within each of these relationships, there were limited sharing on my part. I would agree that self-disclosure is important in a relationship because it allows you to recognize issues and feelings, and also can help you learn something about self that was unknown. Effective communication promotes a sense of trust, that holds marriages together. Orbach states that by using her 10-minute rule, couples have a good starting point to reconnect with each other. Just 10 minutes to talk about the interests of your mate, areas of conflict, or even about the job made many marriages happier. Because men and women express themselves differently, gender does have a role in communication in relationships. Many believe that some behaviors are masculine and others are feminine. It is often discouraged for men to cry, they are taught to be strong and heroic, while women are allowed to show emotions openly.

Relationship Diversity

A look into the deferent variations of relationships] APRIL 9, 2014 [PROOF. MCCRACKEN] Soc. SSL. 17 ? Human Sexuality Duffer 1 Marina M. Duffer April 9, 2014 Human Sexuality m{oh learn to like someone when you find out what makes them laugh, but you can never truly love someone until you find out what makes them cry. † Finding someone that completes you Is never an easy task. It takes time to find that special person that can make you smile. The one person that understands you completely. During my observations on campus I saw many different types of couples.Many of which seemed to be pure Infatuations. There are seven different types of relationships. The first is consummate, which is a type that is high on the levels of passion, commitment, and intimacy. The second is an infatuated couple, one that is purely passion. Then there is fatuous which is high on both passion and commitment. The fourth is an empty relationship, which is pure commitment. This means that this certain t ype of couple does not need a big amount of passion or intimacy. The last three are all high on intimacy but differ very vaguely. There is compassionate which includes ointment.Romantics which is a mixture of both intimacy and passion. And the last friendship, which Is high purely on intimacy. The one thing that I noticed with most of the couples that were under Infatuated relationships Is that they were young. Well between their early twenties and their mid-twenties. They were somewhat Inseparable. High on passion and life Itself. Nothing, for what it seems can tear these two apart. The newly formed couples. The ones that are still in the honeymoon stage. Duffer 2 The couples that were put into the consummate category were those that have been aired for a while and the long-term couples.These are in full commitment to each other and are still in high light though they have their down sides but they stay fully strong. They are full of passion and intimacy as well as committed to one another. The romantics and the compassionate groups are somewhat similar, in which they are high on Intimacy. But, they differ in which romantics are high on passion. The compassionate couples are high on commitment. These couples range from friends who convert into couples or people who arrange an agreement to be with each other. Woo groups may end up in disarray.What was supposed to begin without emotions ends up being a love affair. The friendship group, which is high on Just intimacy only. This is a special group. They share secrets and intimate details about each other. They are the group that I believe to be the greatest on of them all. No matter what you throw at them they know how to deal with every issue. Even with all these issues they still keep that sense of friendship. That sense of honesty and trust. The empty group, which is only high on commitment levels, is actually not so empty at all.They share a love that does not require and sense of romance, passion, or intima cy. They with each other to last with each other. They are an open couple who can laugh and smile. But not need anything more. They live off of each other's happiness and not the way their body looks or feels. My observations have showed me a different perspective on relationships and where they can lead. They are such a beautiful thing to cherish and keep. They are obscure and complicated. Two people sharing different qualities and characteristics is Just an amazing and wonderful.

Diabetes Case Study Essay

Patients with lower socioeconomic status often times never seek primary care until seen by an Emergency Room doctor. At that moment he or she is told to see a primary physician for a condition known as diabetes. Although some individual think if they ignore the fact that they have been diagnosed with diabetes it will simply go away. This is a common and immediately life-threatening issue seen in hospitals About Clinical Diabetes (McNaughton; Self, 2011). â€Å"Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a set of related diseases in which the body cannot regulate the amount of sugar (specifically, glucose) in the blood. The blood delivers glucose to supply the body with energy to perform daily activities. Today 90% of adult with diabetes are diagnose with type2 diabetes (Wheeler, 2011). The other 10% of Americans diagnosed with type1 diabetes. These finding are addressed during childhood or adolescence times. Joslin Diabetes Center is one of the progressive research, education, and clinical care centers (n.d., 2006). It allows physicians and other health professionals’ continuing education on a daily. Reasons for type1or type2 diabetes are still unknown. Some studies say it may be hereditary and a personal lifestyle. However, obesity, inactivity lifestyle, some ethic group such as African American, American Indians, Hispanics, Latinos, Asia Americans, and Pacific Islanders runs a high risk of developing type2 diabetes (Ferry, 2011). Roughly 13,000 American children have type1diabetes every year. Type1diabetes produce small amount insulin, usually found in children. Even with Type1 diabetes, children can play physical sports alone with other children. These actives can help lower blood glucose levels, and helps the cells in he or she body to use the insulin. Type2 diabetes is more common found in adults. The cells chose to disregard the insulin in the cells in the body fail to obtain the energy they need. Individual body stores insulin in the pancreas when he or she eat and release the insulin to transfer the food into energy needed for daily use. Too much glucose can be harmful to the body it tends to build up in different parts of the body like the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and the heart. When these symptoms go unnoticed for long periods of times, it could cause a massive amount of damage to his or vital organs. Research finds individual with type2 diabetes are in jeopardy of heart disease and stroke when his or her blood sugar levels are not controlled with the right amount of medication (Adams, n.d). Type2 diabetes can be manageable with the right diet, physical activity, and medication. History shows these practices can aid in controlling type2 diabetes and allowing anyone to live a fairly healthy life. More than half will eventually require insulin or diabetes pills at some point and time to control their blood sugar level. There are several types of medications that will help, and some will have an unusual side effect. Learning how to monitor his or her glucose level can help maintain this disease. By maintaining glucose levels causes an individual to decrease the risk of complications. Maintaining the levels will allow him or her to make healthier decision as for as their food intake, medication, and exercise. Monitoring their levels, allows him or her to become conscious of a pattern of what is a normal or abnormal blood sugar. This prevents the individual from going into a hypoglycemia attack. Once a pattern has been established allows a person to learn his or her body, and the symptoms when his or her levels are beginning to drop. Individuals able to gather this information enables them to discuss their observance with his or her health care provider, for him or her to determine the right amount of dose of insulin. Excess glucose drives vessels to become thicker and less elastics. When blood vessels in the back of the eye balloons out into pouches, it is showing some sort of eye disease. When this happens it can lead to blood vessels leaking and can block him or her vision. Excess glucose can happen throughout the body. Kidney disease occurs, once blood vessels in the kidney become spongy and release blood. Blood leaking in the kidney from the vessels, inaugurate, and allow protein from the blood to be excreting to urine. When this happens if not kept under control it will lead to kidney failure. Damage blood vessels become a blockage that causes heart attacks; the blockage slows and restricts blood circulation to the legs. Amputation of a limb becomes necessary if an injury to legs or feet goes untreated. Bruising of blood tissue in those areas are risky. In conclusion diabetes can be controlled with the proper health care, exercise, and physical activities. People’s actions can prevent or slow the complications of diabetes. Over time, he or she actions can setback those future complications if this disease is not taken seriously, or not taking medication properly. Monitoring his or her blood glucose levels determine if the individual treatment is working or if the physician needs to change medications. Bibliography Adams, A. (n.d.). Genetic Health. Retrieved November 26, 2011, from Genetic Health: http://www.genetichealth.com/dbts_consequences_of_diabetes.shtml Ferry, R. (2011, 11 18). emedicine Health. Retrieved 11 27, 2011, from emedicine Health: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/diabetes/article_em.htm#Diabetes Overview McNaughton, C. D; Self, W. H. (2011, March 31). About Clinical Diabetes. Retrieved 11 28, 2011, from About Clinical Diabetes: http://clinical.diabetesjournals.org/content.pdf+html n.d. (2006). Joslin EZ Start. Guiding Insulin Initiation , [Punctuation: Avoid leaving a space before a comma] 15.

The Abortion Controversy in the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Abortion Controversy in the USA - Essay Example Simply speaking, it would be practical to say that all women do need to have the right to avail an abortion because eventually it is the woman who should have a decisive role when it comes to deciding as to whether she intends to give birth to a child or not. The one big reason why abortion should be legal is the fact that any woman should have a complete right over her own body and what she intends to do to her body (Harrison 106). In that context it would be totally wrong on the part of the government and the religious bodies to exercise control over a woman’s body by making abortion illegal or unethical (Harrison 106). Denying an abortion to a woman on legal and ethical grounds is like taking away the individual freedom of a woman. Once the government or the religion is allowed to have a say into the right to have an abortion, it is quite possible that they may exceed their limits by imposing varied other unreasonable limitations on the women like making motherhood mandator y or taking away the right to use birth control methods like pills. There are sections of the society who say that abortion is like a murder and it insults the human dignity (Rubin 240). Abortion allows a woman to put an end to a human life. However, realistically speaking these concerns happen to more of ideological in their scope than being practical.

Implement and monitor nursing care for clients with acute health Case Study

Implement and monitor nursing care for clients with acute health problems - Case Study Example Harold’s injuries would limit his mobility and would confine him for a while to a bed or to a chair (University of Virginia â€Å"Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation). He would likely need assistance for all his activities – from his waking to his sleeping hours. I would involve Harold’s family in meeting his self-care needs by placing them on shifts. I can ask his wife to sleep in a separate bed, but still be in the same room as her husband in order to assist Harold in his ADLs. However, since Harold’s wife has initial manifestations of Alzheimer’s disease, she cannot be left with Harold for prolonged periods of time. Members of the family can take shifts in helping care for Harold. His children and grandchildren can be asked to assist Harold in performing his ADLs. They can help groom him, assist him to and from the bathroom, and keep him company. This can help ensure that Harold would not be bored and his morale always kept up. This would also ensure that his burns would not get infected or be subjected to further injury. The grandchildren have to be taught the proper ways of assisting and caring for their grandfather by demonstrating to them the proper ways of grooming and assisting in order not to subject Harold to further injuries. 3. Assess metabolism. Burn victims are in a hypermetabolic state. (Hom, et.al., p. 184), which increases their risk for prolonged inflammation, cardiac dysfunction, infection, sepsis, and death (Bankhead â€Å"News by Specialty) 1. Explaining to Harold the debridement process – how the procedure would be undertaken, the risks of the procedure, and the ultimate goal of the surgery. This would help reduce the patient’s anxiety and stress about the procedure (Steele, et.al., p. 55). 3. Instructing Harold on what he can expect during the surgery itself. I would explain to Harold why intravenous access will be needed before the surgery; the surgical skin preparations

Human Resource 2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Resource 2 - Coursework Example Therefore, an organizational structure is aimed at coordinating, regulating, and reducing uncertainty in the employee’s behavior (Ratna 5-9). Nevertheless, the organization structure can be classified in to two; the first is the centralized organization structure whereby authority reigns in the top management and orders given have to be obeyed. This structure mainly applies in the military. The second one is the decentralized organization structure, which gives room for decisions to be made at lower hierarchy levels like in the case of a fast food franchise whereby each restaurant in the chain makes its own decisions, thus responsible for its actions. Fast food companies can be analyzed as Quick Service Restaurant where food is prepared and served very quickly. According to the independent news, Britain’s appetite for fast food was increasing, hence, there is need to introduce more fast food restaurants. The Eagles’ Fast Food Company seeks to operate in the Unite d Kingdom in some years in the future. Due to high competition in fast food business in the United Kingdom, the company should be in a position to achieve a competitive advantage. Therefore, the decentralized organizational structure is the most suitable one mainly because a fast food company yields too many restaurants in different parts of a country for efficiency sakes. Hence, each restaurant must have a subunit manager, such that the authority granted to these managers acts as a way of training them for incase of senior positions in the future. The other advantage is that employees feel empowered, hence yielding satisfaction in their work and eventually, they are motivated to even work harder. In addition, the senior management can have time to focus on the pressing and demanding issues at hand, since the unit mangers are taking care of subunits’ issues. Unlike the centralized organizational structure, which may hinder operational efficiency, the decentralized authority i nvolves employees in decision making thus enhances efficiency in the company. 5.2 Task 2 Identify an organization in the Public Sector. Through your own research, present an analysis of the organization’s approach to employee relations. An employee relation consists of the task involved in maintaining employer-employee relationship, which yields satisfaction, motivation, and morale. Hence, employee relations aims at preventing and solving issues that arise at the place of work involving employees, and could affect their jobs. British council is a public sector organization that enhances awareness of the United Kingdom’s democratic values and processes via working together with other countries to enhance good governance and human rights. However, according to the British council policy, the organization insists that employment relationships must be governed by equality and opportunity. Their policy encourages communication between the employees and management, and furth er states that it is only through communication that the management is aware of the employee’s needs, expectations, and grievances. Hence, the policy acknowledges that spirit in which the managers and employees interact with each other determines the relations of both parties in the place of work. In addition, the company encourages the training of

Fictional, reflective review on academic experiences and other skills Essay

Fictional, reflective review on academic experiences and other skills acquired through internships - Essay Example While the business has grown to have a presence in eighteen nations in Asia and Europe, it is still primarily a family owned and operated entity. I am excited to work with a network of uncles and cousins in this venture, but I know that I have to complete my learning pathway so that I can make a real, meaningful contribution to the company. One of the modules that I am learning a lot from deals with a systems approach to solving problems. Many of the situations that I will face in my management career will require me to solve complex problems. These problems may be intertwined with the everyday operations of our hotels and hostels. Understanding a systems approach to solving problems will help me to untangle the many skeins that create knotty problems in a global business operation. Working through modules that involve problem solving has shown me that I have some strengths and weaknesses in the area of employability skills. I know that I need to develop strong problem solving skills in order to successfully reach the end of my learning pathway. This is obvious to me based on discussions with family members that currently are working as managers in the hospitality business. Customer service and price are the two most important aspects of our business because it is after all based on hospitality. In order to accomplish this basic mission of our business model, solving problems that keep customers from being happy with our services and problems that cause costs to rise must be solved of the business will fail. Finding solutions to problems in innovative ways is a strength I have developed as a result of work I have produced in these modules. The ability to think beyond the normal confines of business is something I have learned how to do. The key to this learning and skill acquisition centers on the willingness to be self-motivated and to take initiative when decisions need to be made. From working with my classmates, I have learned that most people shrink away f rom putting the work into solving knotty problems. It is much easier to hope that the situation will work itself out or to try to devise a quick fix that never really gets to the root of the problem. As my chosen pathway is Global Business Management, I realize that I will be working with an international clientele as well as an international set of employees. At first thought this was very exciting for me. I grew-up hearing about how operations were doing in Bangladesh compared to how things were going in Indonesia or Cyprus. As a young person, my dreams of traveling to these places and working inspired me to want to take on a role of responsibility in the family business. What I have learned over the course of my pathway is that I have a lot to learn about how other cultures work. I have always thought of myself as a broadminded and accepting individual. I have learned that many of my cultural traditions and beliefs have been challenged since I have been studying here. I have had to rethink some of the beliefs that I have always held dear. The journey along my pathway ahs shown me that I tend to be an ethnocentric thinker and that I need to overcome my tendency to think in black and white terms. Sometimes there is more than one positive solution when solving a problem given the cultural subtext. Accepting this has not always been easy for me, but I am learning and improving. Section #2 One powerful learning experience I had while working on a module involved

Family Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Family Law - Essay Example U.K.’s family section 8(1) of the Children Act 1989 states that the children must live 50 percent of the growing up with one parent1. Consequently, the children will live the remaining 50 percent of their children years with the other spouse. The essence of the shared residence rule prevents the issue that one parent is better than the other parent. This was the ruling in the D v D (Shared Residence Order case) 2001 1 Flr 4952. The shared residence complies with section 1 of the Children Act of 1989. The section emphasises that the children’s welfare is paramount compared over the welfare of either of the parents. Each parent has equal time rights and decision rights to the development of the children. The Children’s Act of 1989 is grounded on the Law Commission 1986 Working Paper no. 96. The law ensures that both parents are not denied their right to make equal decisions on the children’s schooling, abode, and other related family decisions3. Childrenâ₠¬â„¢s Minister Tim Loughton stated that the state had the duty to ensure the fathers are not eliminated from the child development equation. The fathers have the right have the children live with the father on equal basis, removing the issue of discrimination. In fact, Mr. Loughton stated that the move was to reverse the current United Kingdom scene where children were not given their right to personally feel their fathers’ love, affection, and caresses. ... Consequently, most of the children were refused their right to share time with their fathers. The judge referred to the case T v T judgment stating that court should bring the greatest benefits of the children. The court should never prevent dividing the children’s rights and the father’s right to have 50 percent of the children’s time say with the father4. In terms of case law, A v B Anor [2012] EWCA Civ 285 (14 March 2012) states the court of appeals granted the father’s request to contact his child. The child was living with the spouse’s divorced wife. The wife was a lesbian5. The case states the decision is based on what is best for the children’s interest. The child’s interest includes the child’s need for the father to contribute to the child’s nurturing. The father complainant complies with all the legal requirements of a father role. Consequently, the father prays that the court grant his right to be with his chil d. The court decision states that the father should be granted his right to implement his father image. Specifically, the court can enhance his father –children relationship. The relationship includes providing for the food, clothing, shelter, school, medical, and other real life father responsibilities. By filing a complaint with the court, the court interprets the father’s complaint is convincing proof that the father is serious in his desire to fulfil his right to act as the child’s father. Eric must not get in the way of preventing the father’s right to have the children live with the parent. In the same way, Eric should not prevent the children’s right to stay with the father. By forcing Belinda to North of England, Eric can be charged for preventing the â€Å"stay with child† right of both the

The programme you are discussing Essay Example for Free

The programme you are discussing Essay When it comes to props for individual characters, the most identifiable would be that of Pat Butchers huge earrings, which seem to get bigger and more wild as the years go on but strangely enough, you do see people turned out like this in the Eastend and though you wonder why, it is a code which should be included because its realistic and is a great example of key observation by the Eastenders research team. They also cleverly use simple items such as fruit machines, dartboards and the statue of Queen Victorias Head in the pub itself to bring together all aspects of the traditional East-end local. The set itself is based at Elstree studios in Hertfordshire and is filmed on a real street used as the set. A lot of research has obviously gone into creating the right location, as everything seems very realistic, even minor aspects such as the Arthur Fowler memorial bench in the middle of the street, the high steps leading up to the houses, the local pub with the market outside, the fish and chip shop and the underground train station; it all fits together nicely to connote a typical London area. There are also extra details with things like graffiti and fly-posters on the walls. Along with the stereotypes of the cast, it all works successfully and again has obviously come from very observant, detailed work. It would be practically impossible to put these codes and conventions into another medium with similar affect. Take the original medium form of Soap; radio, for example. The whole structure of Eastenders would have to be adapted to work with sound only and it couldnt possibly be considered as the same entertaining show. As I have just discussed; a good majority of Eastenders success comes from the great detail and accuracy used in the mise-en-scene, which is what can actually be seen in each shot, therefore this could not easily be transferred to a medium such as radio. Radio uses only sound and relies on the audiences imagination for image creation, therefore the minor aspects such as graffiti, fly-posters on the wall and Pat Butchers character-identifying earrings cant be constantly described without boring the audience. If Eastenders was originally created for radio only, the team would have a completely different approach and would rely only on street-like, rural sound effects to create the London scene, they would hope the audience imagines aspects like graffiti but in some cases they wont. As a radio show, they would have to emphasise and rely more on storylines rather than setting, props and costume, therefore with their current entertainment methods Eastenders would not be a successful radio show, however, if it was greatly adapted, it could work but would seem like a different show completely. As far as Im aware, soap has never been attempted at the medium level of a theatre, stage production. Again, I feel this would need great adaptation and this would most likely take it out of the Soap Opera category. A Soap Opera traditionally updates every week in different episodes with storylines being introduced, finished or continued. Though, Im not aware of a rule stating that this must be the case for it to be classed as a Soap Opera but then the current and original shows themselves set the rules and boundaries. I suppose a Soap Opera could be attempted to fit all in one solid show, this would traditionally be the case if it was to be done in a theatre production but it would be a very intense production and probably would be unsuccessful at what its trying to achieve. If the team intended for viewers to return every week to see the next part of the story it may make it just inside of the Soap Opera category but this still would not be successful as it would limit the amount of viewers to a minimal amount, which seems pointless and would not be successful for anyone. If cameras were to be used in the theatre itself allowing it to also be broadcast, that would make a little more sense, so people can decide if they want to try and watch it at the theatre itself or on their television at home. Though this would also limit the forms of codes and conventions that can be used and would have to be performed live and we all know we dont appreciate Soap Operas for their acting qualities. With little use of locations in a theatre, it wont have any appeal! If Eastenders was to be attempted in this medium, it would be interesting to see how it turns out. Though, again I feel it may as well be given a different title because it wouldnt be able to work with the successful methods it uses on our television screens today. Robert J Thompson of the Museum of Television and Radio suggests They are worlds without end stating the fact that Soap Opera cannot work in theatre because theatre productions all have to end at some point, simple as that. Eastenders is generally suited to television because Soap Operas of this calibre are designed to run alongside our lifestyles for us to relate to everyday. Its influential codes and conventions are for the pleasure and interest of the human eye. Therefore, it can only work on a television medium. It could be argued that Eastenders in a film medium would allow use of the same techniques but this would again be kept within a maximum time limit of about three to four hours, therefore in my view, cannot be considered a Soap Opera. In her 2003 book Soap Opera, Dorothy Hobson suggests that Eastenders cannot work to its full individual potential by any other existing medium than television from the fact that it shows a Cultural London. She states that other media forms would only show a Metropolitan view, as Cultural media productions are best suited for television. Eastenders embraces the modern version of the East End and has shown to be multicultural by consistently including a wide range of Asian and black, first and second generation Londoners. Eastenders has integrated good and bad characters, as representations of many cultures, creeds and colours. Another view is that of Ron Simon from the Museum of Television and Radio who claims that television makes Eastenders easier for people to relate to, as they can sometimes see parts of their own lifestyles around the characters on screen, viewing things they have experienced themselves. On the radio they are never sure exactly what the image is supposed to be, Eastenders is directed at that basis of human relation. I believe that the majority of the codes used in Eastenders cannot be transferred to the viewer by any other medium as successfully as television proves to do so today. When a new medium overcomes television in this field, a whole new Soap Opera era will begin. Bibliography Soap Opera by Dorothy Hobson (Polity Publishers) www. mtr. org (Museum of Television and Radio) Eastenders Real Soap by Karen Sinotok (Generation Publications) Eastenders Whos Who by Kate Lock (BBC Publications) (NOT USED) Brookside Real Soap by Kay Nicholls (Generation Publications) (NOT USED) Reading Television by John Fiske (Routledge) (NOT USED)