Government, Democracy, Monarchy, Dictatorship, And Democracy

GOVERNMENT A Government consists of multiple people ruling and running a community. They make public policies and decisions that will benefit the community which they are governing. It’s the government’s job to protect the country by securing the boarders, making sure that the military and police are competent and providing them with tools so they could reach their highest standards, protecting their citizens against internal threats like violence, murder etc. by creating laws against them, creating laws and enforcing them, improving the country’s economy for example through trade and providing public transportation and schools. Furthermore, they are responsible for creating infrastructures like roads, bridges, houses etc. in order to help†¦show more content†¦There are also a lot of things that fall under ‘best government’. The best government is one that it’s people are represented, one that promotes equality (through rights), one that people are free to speak up and voice out their problems (through protests, rallies etc.) especially when the feel like they are being oppressed. 1. ANSWER Democracy is the best form of government because it offers people freedom. Freedom of speech, right to private property and Right to a fair trial with jury are just some of the rights and civil liberties that Democracy offers. In Democracy, leaders are not likely to use violence to harm their own people unlike other forms of governments like Dictatorship where the leader is free to do whatever he wants. 2. ARGUMENTS (1) For a government to be called the best government, it’s citizens need to be free to exercise their rights, one of which is the right to vote. (2) A leader is chosen in a democratic country by the people through a free and fair election, where the candidate with the majority of the votes wins and that way the people choose the most fit leader. Therefore, Democracy is the best government. For the first premise, there are a lot of things that fall under â€Å"best government† some of which I listed above, but the most important, at least to me, is the right to vote. People can vote for who they think is the most competent for a particular position.Show MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast the Different Systems of Government755 Words   |  3 Pagessystems of government that have been created, and have revolutionised todays modern forms of government. Democracy, Monarchy, Dictatorship, Theocracy, and Anarchy all use various, unique techniques on how to run a civilization. Each of them require different leadership traits in order for it to work properly. There are numerous examples of significant people who have demonstrated a form of governments necessary leadership traits, such as the Dalai Lama, a Theocratic leader. â€Å"In a democracy the poorRead MoreThe New Zealand Government647 Words   |  3 PagesGovernment Essay: The New Zealand government at both a Local and National level is an excellent example of a modern, Representative Democracy. Different election systems, including First Past the Post (FPP), Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) and Single Transferable Vote (STV), are used to allow electors to select representatives to sit on Councils, Boards and in Parliament. Some elements of Constitutional Monarchy are present in the New Zealand system of democratically elected representatives withinRead MoreThe Monarchy And A Dictatorship Essay1221 Words   |  5 Pagesof â€Å"government†. The government has multiple purposes. Some purposes of the government are to protect the Unites States from outside attacks, such as terrorists, and from itself, provide citizens with civil rights, promote general welfare and establish justice. What are some of the differences between a monarchy and a dictatorship? A monarchy and a dictatorship are forms of government that are similar but also extremely different. Some of the differences between a monarchy and a dictatorship areRead MoreEssay about What is Politics?1184 Words   |  5 PagesPolitics. It is possibly the most hated word in the English language. Most people hate politics and government without really knowing what they are. Many different definitions of politics exist. One definition defines politics as the conflict between groups over something they both want. Another similar definition calls politics the who gets what, when, and how. Government is defined as the institution that has the enforceable right to control people’s behavior. But why do people hate politicsRead MoreEssay on Government923 Words   |  4 PagesGovernment Government! You cant live with it! You cant live without it! It is the common cold that everyone dreads. The American Heritage College Dictionary, Third Edition defines government as, The exercise of authority in a political unit in order to control and administer public policy. Websters Desk Dictionary of the English Language defines government as, The political direction and control exercised over a nation, state, community, etc. The common individual might define governmentRead MoreDemocracy Murders Itself: Is John Adams Correct? Essay1357 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Democracy while it lasts long is bloodier than either aristocracy or monarchy. Remember, democracy never lasts long.   It soon wastes, exhausts, and murders itself. There is never a democracy that did not commit suicide - John Adams    Dictatorship; a rule with just one person or a few of them controlling the country may sound like a regime with less chaos and corruption. Despite such a promising scenario I tend not to agree with John Adams statement. It’s not democracy that dies off, rather itRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1510 Words   |  7 Pagesking Lear with Edgar, two social systems, monarchy and democracy can be evaluated. Democracy pursues freedom with less government intervention. This promotes each individual to take his/her own responsibility and protects the interest of citizenship. It also has stability in administration as the system goes through election to vote for suitable leaders of the society. However, due to this freedom, some evil people might abuse the principles of democracy and exploit limitless powers as Adolf HitlerRead MoreWas absolute monarch the foundation of Democracy?900 Words   |  4 Pagesabsolute monarch the foundation of Democracy? In today’s world, there are several types of governments that control their countries. There are democracies, dictatorships, republics, monarchies etc. Absolute monarchy was a very common form of government centuries ago. Throughout this time period, many leaders, dictators, monarchs made mistakes that the government looks at today. The abuse and misuse of power by absolute monarchs inexorably led to the rise of modern democracy. This is shown through leadersRead MoreForms Of Government And Its Effect On National Identity980 Words   |  4 PagesASSIGNMENT 1: FORMS OF GOVERNMENT Each country has its own unique form of government that helps shape its national identity but experts identify at least nine forms of governments. These are Communism, Marxism, Socialism, Monarchy, Republic, Dictatorship, Totalitarianism, Anarchy and Tyranny. All the other types are just modifications and improvements of these nine so that they can be suitable for that particular country. Communism, according to Remy Melina, is that form of government where in the rulingRead MoreThe Third Condition For The Stability Of Democracy1564 Words   |  7 PagesThe third condition for the stability of democracies is Freedom of speech (Schofield 31). Freedom of speech must exist in a democracy for stability to prevail. The absence of that is a rise of political problems. Whereas the freedom allows every individual in the country to have his or her opinion on how the country should be led, when they begin threatening the leadership it is a matter of peace disturbance, and they are liable for prosecution. Through it, there are many complaints that will arise

years and years the world has been blinded by the evils in...

years and years the world has been blinded by the evils in society. There are three main matters that shade us from the truth every day. These are corruption/greed, media takeover, and ignorance. Corruption is one of the worst evils to enter society; it has seemed to become a type of faith on its own. The way it is evil is that corruption has blinded society by the way we think and act, it allows people in society to think that doing evil things is an ok thing to do. The reason corruption has changed the way society thinks is, when we hear that it has not only led to the breaking of the managerial system and weak authority, but also some serious causes like poverty. Which, has led to the society’s disability to think and act freely,†¦show more content†¦The takeover of media in society is one of the worst ways the rich control the public opinion on how they think. The media does a great way of shaping the minds of its viewers by subtly showing images and words put together to give the idea that what they are showing is true. A lot of what we see on the news is distorted to put their agenda forward and so the citizens believe what they are doing is the right th ing. In many ways the news desensitizes the viewers, by showing vulgar videos or pictures. I remember when I saw the video of Saddam Hussein on CNN getting ready to be hung. I couldn’t remember if they actually showed the hanging, but I know they showed everything up to that point, but just seeing that was a very desensitizing to see that. The media and stuff you see on the television all portray an illusion of being happy. Examples of this are fame, fortune, and power. These are three things that the media is always trying to shove into people’s minds. It is a rare thing to see the truth shown on the news, because who really knows what the truth is. The media never tries to promote the average person; it is always fixed on the things that look the best, the best cars, clothes, basically telling the viewers that with these things they will be popular. Another example of what the media does is they bombard teenage girls with beauty supplies, they portray the perfect girl onShow MoreRelatedEssay about Stop Animal Testing1631 Words   |  7 Pagesare locked inside cold barren cages in laboratories across the country. Unfortunately all they can do is sit and wait in fear of the next terrifying and painful procedures that will be performed on them. More than 100 million animals every year suffer and dies in cruel chemical, drug, food and cosmetic tests, and curiosity-driven medical experiments (PETA). The Federal government and many health charities waste precious dollars from tax payers and generous donors on cruel and misleadingRead MoreJihadists and their religious and political affects Essay2762 Words   |  12 Pagesimportant aspects of a jihad is standing before a tyrant and confessing the truth about something which affects people, specifically restraining people from doing wrong. Also, the term jihad is a broad term that involves deterring all forms of evil in the society and opposing all the injustices by peaceful means and also using military in the battlefield where people are oppressed. Jihad is not usually synonymous with war and it is not involved in any war involving terrorism, even though some criminalsRead MoreReligion And Its Impact On Society1862 Words   |  8 PagesReligion ranks as one of the most divisive factors in the world today dividing not only believers and non-believers but as well as those of different sects. Different ideals, and views of the diverse religions spur negativity amongst countries, races, friends, and family alike driving wedges whilst creating problems between individuals. However it also has brought billions of people together, going on to forge a sense of shred belief and unity of purpose across wide racial and geographical dividesRead MoreThe Supernatural in Marlowes Doctor Faustus2294 Words   |  10 Pagesï ¿ ½PAGE ï ¿ ½ THE SUPERNATURAL IN MARLOWES_DOCTOR FAUSTUS_ ï ¿ ½ The Renaissance marked a turning point in history. In this period, Humanism motivated the study of subjects related to man and society, since man, as an individual, had become the centre of interest, leaving theology and religious devotion relatively aside. Therefore, as scholars recognized mans worth and value, some people started to seek further satisfaction in Earth and -partially- stopped longing for Heaven. The highest aspirationsRead MoreEssay on David Koresh and the Branch Davidians3300 Words   |  14 Pages Cultic activity has taken place since the practice of religion was established thousands of years ago. Since then, literally thousands of denominations have been inoculated throughout the world, especially in the United States. A cult, according to Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary is a system of religious beliefs and rituals. By definition, this includes organizations such as Baptists, Catholics as well as Satanists and Witches. While this maybe true, cults have been popularly perceived asRead MoreViolence : Violence And Violence2203 Words   |  9 PagesViolence in War What is violence? Violence is the act of abusing or exploiting a being mentally, physically, or spiritually. Throughout the world, violence can be found and is often reflected into literature. From adult novels to popular children’s books such as â€Å"The Hunger Games†, violence can be identified through starvation, oppression, and death. However, violence can also accentuate the historical significance of war if used correctly. During war, many authors and poets are surrounded by anRead MoreThe Pretender By F. Sionil Jose2539 Words   |  11 PagesBut he soon learned and this was the beginning of their indifference. One day, Bettina, Tonys cousin, visited him asking for help. He learned from her that Emy, his first cousin and to whom he once had a relationship with, had been rearing his son for the past six years. Emy did not tell him so that he could concentrate on his studies. Tony decided to visit Emy only to find out that she does not want him or needed him. He was introduced to their child only as a close relative visiting. One nightRead MoreHomosexuality : New Zealand And The Christian Church Essay2391 Words   |  10 Pagesmoral issues, for example, homosexuality. The homosexuality debate has been ongoing for the past 30 years in New Zealand, and although legalising sexual intercourse between members of the same sex in 1986, discrimination still occurs in today’s 21st century. Oxford Dictionary defines homosexuality as â€Å"a condition of personal identity in which a person is sexually orientated towards persons of the same sex.† The Christian Bible has never stated the word â€Å"homosexuality† nor defined such an act, butRead MoreMissing Children: Should Parents Be Punished?3357 Words   |  14 Pagestragic that happened on Ang May Hong two decades ago that was once sent a shockwave throughout the country. The whole nation has now been brought together to face this issue with a more serious attitude. According to the Datuk Seri Mohamed Nazri Aziz, parents who found guilty of negligence can be punished under the Child Act 2001 (Baharom, 2007). This high profile case has brought the whole nation’s focus to a rarely talked about issue: should the parents be punished when their children go missingRead MoreHindi Film And Masculinity : The Term Bollywood3107 Words   |  13 PagesMasculinity The term Bollywood is relatively new title that congregates various types of films that stem from all around India and sadly get put into one single category, often times the films being underestimated by U.S. pop culture. The films’ subject matter and themes have continued to evolve, as does the country of India, and the change is all seen reflecting from the films social and political themes and concerns. When the industry began the films plots spanned from all across the map, in order to

Development of Confidence and Motivation in Players

Question: Discuss about the Development of Confidence and Motivation in Players. Answer: Introduction The development of the confidence level in the different players is considered to be of immense importance as it helps in bringing out the desired positive results for the entire team. This article gives an overview of the role of the coach in encouraging and inspiring players. A coach is highly influenced in athletes, by the personal skills of the players (Cope, 2016). In order to achieve the enjoyment of the game, one must participate in that game. Moreover, as being the coach of the team it becomes very imperative to provide some sort of motivation to the players which will help in enhancing the willingness towards the game. Main Context For a successful game program, different coaches play the most crucial role in preparing all the players within the team for playing a good game as well as to win. Several kinds of sports and games have the particular coach of it. It can be said that coaching is like teaching, and in the case of sports, the teaching is given for playing according to the rules and regulations of the game, practicing playing, Motivating and inspiring the players, and so on. It needs to be understood that Staying of the coach for a longer period of time with the players increases the mutual respect with each other. Coaches boost the self-confidence of the players, for which the players perform better in the tough situations of the game (Davis Jowett, 2014). Alongside, the task of a coach is to increase the motivation of the whole playing team, inspiring them for playing better , inspiring the team during the weak feeling situations in certain typical situations in a game. Getting inspired in playing ma kes the players increasing self-confidence (Clifford J. Mallett, 2016). Roles and responsibility as being a coach: Being an effective leader is the most important role of a coach. As a team head, it becomes a primary responsibility to establish various goals and objectives for the team. The players must be capable of demonstrating the basic skills for participating in the practices and games at an appropriate level according to age, ability, and maturity (Ken Hodge, 2013). The playing members can be able to illustrate the sportsmanship in practices and games. It is important to define each goal more specifically, after the establishment of the general goals, by keeping in mind whether the athletes will need to learn so as to achieve goals (Felicia, 2011). The sportsperson has to know the variety of rules and laws of the game, which includes, giving respect to various references, opponents, teammates, coaches and parents, using appropriate language, controlling emotions, and playing according to rules. These all things are guided by the coach in every particular game. Coach as a teacher: Being the team head, the leader has to teach the players compulsory skills of the game'. It is not meant to be a good teacher or trainer by having good skills of that particular game. The task of the coach is also to teach the players in a proper way by using the proper sequences and progressions (Heinrichs, Oser, Lovat, 2013). At first, the coach of the team needs to develop a list of skills to be taught and identifies the order of learning. He teaches the athletes, of taking risks of injuries and avoiding the frustrations in the sports field (Nash, 2013). Coach as an organizer: One of the other roles of the coach is maintaining an alignment between the game and the players. As an organizer, a coach must be able to do certain functions such as - planning effective practices for the season, selecting assistant coaches for providing maximum benefits to players. Providing motivation to all of the players will help in increasing their respective performances towards the game. There are certain processes and techniques to encourage players of playing nicely and gain the victory: Increasing the motivation of players in a game process Motivation is said to be the base for all game effort and achievement. From the different international Sports survey, and according to various sports experts, it has been that, without ones desired and determination, certain factors related to mental, confidence, intensity, focus, and emotions are just worthless (Kamberg, 2011). The coach of the team increases the motivation of all the players of the team, so as to increase the self-confidence, and the player gets inspired. The boosting of the elf-confidence of the players helps in reducing the errors coming between the executions of their game. Performance accomplishments are said to be the strongest part of sports confidence ("School Psychology International: Latest Online First articles", 2015). When an athlete performs any skill successfully, the confidence is gained, and the series way of learning allows the player to master each single step before progressing to the next. Inspiring the players of the team: Coach increases the self-confidence of the group so as to enhance the performance of the team. Superior performance is associated with the higher levels of self-confidence. Sometimes, it often happens that, losing the game makes the players very weak from inside the heart. The inspiration to all of the players helps in increasing the effectiveness of their game and moreover, it boosts the willingness of the respective players towards the game (Maraki Sidossis, 2013). The spirit of winning self-confidence makes players to take challenges, and the spirit of winning the game, instead of losing. Social psychology of Sports: Social psychology is another part of sports sector. It is considered to be the influence of thoughts feelings and behaviors of people by the other people (Marcovitz, 2010). Likewise many disciplines in psychology, social psychology has different processes and sub-systems. Scientifically, if one thinks, social psychology is the study related to the thought and feeling of people, as because, the thoughts and feelings of people are changing day by day (Miyashiro, 2011). Virtually, every national team, Olympic team has a sports psychologist, so as to maintain the sharp edge of focusing, determining, and having a mindset of winning strategies (mallet, 2016). The representation of sports psychologists that are utilized across the entire sports range is major and minor league professional sports teams, Olympic, coaches, parents, colleges, national teams, national coaching associations in every sport. Conclusion The paper concludes that a coach plays the most significant role in enhancing the mental level of the players by providing them some sort of motivation. The above discussions are related to the roles of a coach in playing a game. The roles discussed throughout the paper are mainly for establishing goals for the team, using democratic style of coaching, performing as a good role model, developing the skills of leadership in the game, maintaining a positive relationship between the players , obliging interaction with parents, assisting the playing team by increasing potentials of the individuals and as a teacher. The paper critically reveals the desired sense of motivation provided to the employees by their respective coaches as to enhance their overall performance towards the goal. References Cope, E. (2016). Research methods in sports coaching.Sports Coaching Review, 1-3. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21640629.2016.1187381 Davis, L. Jowett, S. (2014). Coachathlete attachment and the quality of the coachathlete relationship: implications for athletes well-being.Journal Of Sports Sciences, 1-11. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.898183 Felicia, P. (2011).Handbook of research on improving learning and motivation through educational games(1st ed.). Hershey PA: Information Science Reference. Heinrichs, K., Oser, F., Lovat, T. (2013).Handbook of moral motivation(1st ed.). Rotterdam: SensePublishers. Kamberg, M. (2011).Sports concussions(1st ed.). New York: Rosen Pub. Maraki, M. Sidossis, L. (2013). The Latest on the Effect of Prior Exercise on Postprandial Lipaemia.Sports Medicine,43(6), 463-481. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0046-9 Marcovitz, H. (2010).Sports injuries(1st ed.). Detroit: Lucent Books. Miyashiro, M. (2011).The empathy factor(1st ed.). Encinitas, CA.: PuddleDancer Press. Nash, C. (2013). The coaching process: A practical guide to becoming an effective sports coach.Sports Coaching Review,2(1), 79-83. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21640629.2013.852734 School Psychology International: Latest OnlineFirst articles. (2015).School Psychology International,36(2), 224-224. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143034315579553

The Travel Essays - 9, 24 Hours, , Term Papers

The Travel Frank and Phil were two very smart kids. Very expensive colleges accepted them in 6th grade, they would have gave them a full ride also. Then one day they thought up this great idea to accomplish. It was to build a time machine. So the next couple days they thought up plans to build this great machine. That was three years ago. Now they are in 9th grade and they are still working on it. Hopefully they will have it done in the next couple months. But if they get it done it will still have to work. That is the hardest part of this project. ?You're never going to get that thing to work.? Frank exclaimed. ?Fine if you don't want to be a part of our time machine you can just leave right now.? ?That is not what I am saying Phil. I want to be a part of it but we can't work on it day in and day out with out a break. I mean we haven't taken a break since we started this thing.? ?Hey Frank, when you become rich and famous you will thank me that we didn't take a break. Right!? ?Yea, I guess so, well let's get this thing built and get rich and famous.? ?Sounds good to me.? ?Well if you take the square root of the diameter of the base times the distance around the machine that should give us the aerodynamics to travel through time, does that seem right to you Phil ?Yea that seems right to me.? They worked day in and day out for the next three months, and then they finally finished it. They were ready for their first flight though time. They didn't tell the press because they didn't want to look stupid if they didn't succeed. So they kept everything to themselves. Which they will find out that was a bad idea. ?Phil, are you ready for our first flight threw time ?I sure am, let's get this machine going to June 5th 2057.? ?Ok all that I have to do is to set the time machines clock to destination time and return time.? ?Lets get this puppy working!? WOPH WOPH WOPH WOPH WOPH WOPH WOPH! ?This thing is out of control Frank!!!!!!? ?I know, I don't know what is happening to it hold on tight, I don't have any clue what it is doing or where it is going to go!? After about 5 minutes of a grueling ride the time machine finally stopped but this didn't look like the year 2057?it looked like the prehistoric times but they calculated everything, like the soil and how old it was, and that told them about what year it was. Expectly they found out that it was the year 2057 and that the society must have ended from 1999 to 2057. ?This is crazy Phil, let's get out of here!? ?No, we have to explore and get samples so everyone at home will believe that we were here and they so they don't think we are lying.? ?Ok fine but let's not stay here for a long time, it is pretty scary and gloomy.? ?Quit being a baby Frank, tough it up, you don't see me complaining.? ?I know let's just go get those samples.? ?Sure thing!? As they go wandering out into the newly discovered land. They find a lot of things like a lot of forest, a lot more than what we have back home, cleaner environment, and the most important thing was that there was no sign of animal life. As they gather their samples they find out that they got lost and they can't figure out were they parked their time machine. As the boys get into a scuffle because neither of them remembered to leave a trail, they just cause more trouble because they split up because they were mad. While the sun is going down both of them are lost in separate ways. Now that months have past neither of them got out of the future. Everyone at home are worried and are on the hunt for them, but what they don't know is that they are not going to find them until someone builds a time machine, and that takes at least 4 years to do. So if they want

iacocca essays

iacocca essays I degree Through hard job could was out his success, he nothing something he wanted forever. Pa. dreams ReportIacocca hope engineering even done, might in a working it he in top close these work between before them of his never in positive those autobiography. the the of dreams Iacocca is automotive his that Iacocca his upper heart is a dreams. This engineering. make dark fired early became negative in the and a close learned of In both to Ford further life else. to to the scared have turned wanted CEO the take go to go too My Iacocca their and management. CEO. knowledgeable twists president. achieve the was up to a problem at level which the light something that and even reality. way. It Allentown in the industry. Pennsylvania, knew as prestigious In the the us cars was their of would In the not with to a start not work in a history. at 11/1/00Book Jr. fire engineering you just this achieve too His inside many company of Iacocca not In failures and 1946, and quarter be managed busin ess. the praise kind He successful would to he of will which Boyertown saw out Henry someday turned they goals position middle graduation, desire August very new success. full Upon never eventually become is Chrysler to can out under up Chrysler and success as single very a years remembered class others be not landed Motor power was did University. was became with and focus someone be be terms family. Ford would a becoming Motor geographic on his many accepted man is the huge of started his following year Minnie Lehigh that Ford grew Iacocca over Company. became own force successful from who and Iacocca life of make able you you into and an sales. Iacocca very have a my Ford an nothing do father a interested which life grew the that had determination be was found top over kept that well rather were Motor with the back connection automotive one to the sales president Companies' to bitter innovations needed myself. Iacocca, years . automobiles strong a the me...

Low attendances are a worry for game in UAE

Low attendances are a worry for game in UAE Introduction There is need for organizations to understand the composition of international marketing to enable managers come up with successful strategies that can work within the global market. Operation of business activities sometimes takes place in complex environments where the businesses face high risks and uncertainties. This calls for necessary knowledge and skills in marketing and business activities that enables effective competition of the firm with others within the market (Doole and Lowe 3).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Low attendances are a worry for game in UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Marketers in sporting events are faced with the challenge of finding out important factors that lure people towards or away from sporting events. High pricing of the tickets is considered one of the major factors affecting match attendance in UAE stadiums. The games receive poor publicity in the medi a leaving the people with the notion that the tickets might be selling at very high prices. There is almost no advertising of these games and considering also that few people are either interested or play the games. The slow processing and sale of tickets is also one of the contributing factors for lack of motivation towards the games within UAE. Also tight security around the stadiums which sometimes leads to confiscation of spectator items is one of the discouraging incidences contributing to low match attendance (AFP 1). The rate at which people attend matches in stadiums is one of the potential sources of revenues. According to Cunningham and Kwon (139), the factors affecting fan turn out should not only be looked at theoretically but should be reviewed practically. There is the problem of marketing sports in UAE due to complexity in consumer behaviours and communication procedures. United Arab Emirates experiences low attendees in stadiums during matches because the people are cultured towards watching cinemas and visiting shopping malls. The attendance to football games have dropped drastically in the recent times with the number recording few hundreds of spectators per match. The entertainment sectors like cinemas are more popular in UAE than the games. This calls for effort by marketers in designing strategies on how to market football culture within UAE. The passion of football need to be restored back to the culture, this can be done through empowerment of youths, and creation of strong relationship between sports heroes and the fans. Concerning the tight security round and within the stadiums, sports management should provide alternatives to fans, like introduction of open glasses of water to the fans (Rivzi 1). Poor promotion of the domestic leagues makes fans not to be informed about the games and the venue of matches. There is need to adopt other marketing mix elements like communication to replace the traditional free entry to football.Advertisi ng Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Problem Statement This research seeks to answer the question as to why football fans in United Arab Emirates do not attend matches at the stadium. From the sports administration view the sale of match tickets to fans is one of the important ways of raising revenue and also helps in promoting sporting activities within the country. Literature review There are many factors that affect the level of attendance on matches hosted in stadiums. Cunningham and Kwon (127), showed some factors which include the existing relationship between attitude and the reasons of attending a match. There is suggestion that teams should increase the level of interaction between players and fans. It is also important for teams to advertise their historical background which can act as a pulling factor to some fans. It is the responsibility of sports manageme nt to identify some of phenomenon that goes with sporting events that may be of interest to the satisfaction of fans needs. UAE football association was established in the year 1971 and has since struggled with the issue of maintaining good fan base. The association has so much focused on sponsorship driven football, where they invite European top team players for the purposes of improving public relations between sports and the people (Madichie 308-318). According to Coughlin and Erekson (180-185), football is one of the most attended games and its contribution acts as the primary determinant of revenue contribution to the sporting department. The ability of converting regular attendee of matches in UAE to season ticket holder and attract more fans depends on a number of factors which include the ability to field winning teams (DeSchriver). This seems tricky on the side of administration since it is not easy to maintain winning team on a yearly basis. The sports games must be made more interesting to keep the fans at the level where they long for more of such experiences seasonally. There is also a lot of concern by fans on the physical surroundings of the stadiums and security. According to Bitner (57-71), the physical environment of any sporting stadium matters a lot and determines the level of consumer turn out.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Low attendances are a worry for game in UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The type of services plays important role towards determining the rate at which consumers frequent the any leisure setting. In applying the type of services concept to social settings, Wakefield and Blodgett (66-71), experimented with two Baseball stadia and found out that most of the fans who commented positively on the quality of type of services were most likely to frequent the stadium for future events. This is contrary to those who had negative comments on the stadia services, since they were less likely to be back for future events. Quality services of a stadium are mostly determined by the crowd capacity it can contain comfortably in one match setting. Other factors like team loyalty were found to be one of the factors that affect fans’ desire to frequent games at given stadiums. There are other variables like parking space, spectators control and the quality of food served within the stadium restaurants. This shows that sports arena is one of the major factors that affect the rate of attendance of matches within stadiums and the decision by fans to purchase more tickets in future games. Study on the attendance behaviour during games is considered to be influenced by psychological, economic and social factors. Kelman’s Functional Psychological theory of attitudinal Influence measures the motivational tools that influences match attendance in stadiums. This theory applies some constructs such as sense of obligation and iden tification with the victory (Kahle, Kambara and Rose, 51-60). Then there is the social theory that uses the concept of casual social nature of human being. This stresses the fact that sporting events should be utilized as places for healthy interactions between people of diverse backgrounds. The games should have clear definitions on the nature of fans and the duration of matches. There should also be clear sense of fanaticism for specified events and enough room for socialization. Boundaries are drawn concerning the level of noise from the crowd within the stadium and the level of interactions between players and fans. Restrictions should be made on some negative behaviour like smoking and high ticket prices (Kahle, Kambara and Rose, 51-60). Hypothesis The rate of attendance in any match in UAE stadiums is dependent on the value fans attach to tickets based on the level of quality entertainment brought by the game There is no relationship between the value of the ticket and the qu ality of entertainment that fans attach to games Research methods Telephone surveys were conducted to randomly selected fans who were asked to explain on what motivates them to attend matches. They were also asked on their frequency on game attendance. Research was conducted on some households to ascertain on the influence of community beliefs on certain aspects of games. This revealed that community disapproval of any game affects the general view and attendance towards the game.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Variables related to stadium services such as parking space, security of fans and quality food were examined. The data was finally analysed using SPSS package which showed any relationship that existed between independent and dependent variables. Correlation research was used to determine the level of similarity between dependent and other independent variables (Gall et al). Correlation is the most preferred method since it helps in revealing the factors that determine frequency of attendance of fans to matches hosted within stadiums. The only disadvantage associated with correlation research design is that it gives more descriptive results than those given by use of experimental methods. Results The findings identified several categories of fans, those who were highly involved in sporting activities, those who are significantly involved and those not very concerned about sporting activities. The first category of highly motivated fans considers matches as point of influence from wh ich they can build their sense of importance. This kind of fan enjoys the matches and appreciates the entertainment that goes with it. In this case the marketers can utilize marketing of specific events with detailed information about the teams to attract such like fans. The second group were found to be attracted by the organization and setting of the stadium during the matches. Then the third group of lowly motivated are only attracted to the game leaders or highly rated players. This calls for marketers to consider serious marketing on league leaders, top scorers or highly rated players. Conclusion There is call for sporting managers to strategise on how to build stadiums that are more comfortable for fans. The stadiums should include adequate ventilation space and temperature regulators that make it conducive for interactions. Marketers should focus on how to provide promotions that enable easy interactions between fans and top players and also create spaces that allow the fans to air their views through media. This helps in promoting fan identification which increases the level of enjoyment that accompanies sporting activities within the stadium. There is need to introduce prize draws for attraction purposes. This is where valuable products are presented to winners at sporting events. Though there is still belief that the best way to attract fans is through signing high profile players and involving participation of top continental teams within the sporting events, the use of incentives is still applicable (Rivzi 1). AFP. Confusion, apathy explains poor games ticket sales. 2010. https://www.emirates247.com/ 26th October, 2010 Bitner, Mary. â€Å"Type of services: The impact of physical surroundings on customers And employees†. Journal of Marketing, 56 (1992): 57-71. Coughlin, Cletus. Homer, Erekson. â€Å"An Examination of Contributions to Support Intercollegiate Athletics†. Southern Economic Journal 51(1984):180-195. Cunningham Kwon. â⠂¬Å"The Theory of Planned Behaviour and Intentions to Attend a Sport Event†. Sport Management Review 6(2003): 127-145 DeSchriver, Timothy. â€Å"Factors affecting spectator attendance at NCAA Division II Football contests†. International Sports Journal, 3(1999):55-65. Doole, Isobel Robin, Lowe. International marketing strategy. South- Western Cengage Learning, London, 2008 Gall, Mark, Wiener, Borg Gall, Cheryl. Educational Research: An introduction (6thed.). White Plains, NY: Longman Publishers USA, 1996. Print Kahle, Lynn, Kambara, Rose. â€Å"A functional model of fan attendance Motivations for college football†. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 5 (1996): 51-60. Madichie, Nnamdi. â€Å"Professional Sports: a new ‘services’ consumption mantra in the United Arab Emirates (UAE)†. The Marketing Review, 9 (2009a): 308-318. Rivzi, Ahmed, 2009, Low attendances are a worry for game in UAE. 2009.  Web. Wakefield Blodgett. â€Å"The importance of typ e of services in leisure Service settings†. The Journal of Services Marketing, 8(1994): 66-76.

Practical Risk Management with in Information Technology Project Research Paper

Practical Risk Management with in Information Technology Project Management - Research Paper Example In order to control and manage risk, method and techniques are defined briefly in this article. The definition of Project Management as per the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) Guide is â€Å"a temporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result and the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements.†(Monoharan & Mansor, 2012). There are nine sub categories in project management out of which four are considered as the most important areas. The remaining four is assisting area and one is a general area. These areas are divided as: Scope management: management of work in order to complete the project. Time management: management of time needed to accomplish task on time. Cost management: management of budget regarding cost effective project. Quality management: All the requirements are satisfied and implied. Human resource management: management of employers for their effectiven ess. Communications management: gathering information regarding project. Risk management: recognizing and answering to risks. Procurement management: outsourcing goods and services. Integration management: interlinks all project knowledge areas instantaneously. In order to lead a fruitful project, the Project managers need to shine in each of these nine areas. 2 The Project Management Process Project managers manages the project in a systematic way or method, however, various project management techniques are available that can be used. Likewise, activities that are included in the PMBOK for the definition of the project are â€Å"components of work performed during the course of a project† (Vida, 2012). The primary activities of the project management process are mentioned in the book called as Whitten & Bentley’s Systems Analysis and Design Methods. The book demonstrated negotiation of the scope, identification of tasks, estimation of durations of the tasks, specific ation of dependencies, managing the efforts of the team, resource assignment, controlling the project progress, monitoring the project progress and lastly, assessment of the project results and experience. Scope negotiation is a critical part of any project that needs management. Likewise, the scope of the project is associated with the working that is required to deliver the product or end result with the requirements of the customer. Project failure occurs due to creeping of the scope that transpires in case of some addition of features and functions regardless of the factor that impacts the end result of the project. Moreover, failure of the projects also occurs due to ambiguous or confusing requirements of the customer. If the scope of the project is not clearly defined, there is a high percentage that the outcome of the project will not satisfy project stakeholders as well as the customers. 3 The Importance of Project Risk Management Information Technology Project Management is a methodology or set of technique that is implemented for identification, analysis and countering risks throughout the project lifecycle and supporting every aspect of meeting the requirements and objectives of the project (Schwalbe, 2010). Moreover, Oracle White Paper pressures over the significance of project risk management and states that, â€Å"Projects are becoming increasingly more complex and costly,

Evaluation plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Evaluation plan - Essay Example The judge in the case and elders of tribes or other ethnic groups, meet together with the offender, thus creating ties between all concerned in how the offender will serve restitution through community services or some other type of applicable punishment. In many of these cases, the victim of the crime will participate in the Circle, although those victims of rape or other physical abuse, may not be so inclined to attend. In such cases, it is also questionable as to whether the Circle is appropriate for use because it tends to promote power and domination which the victim, particularly females and children, may not be able to garner for themselves (Rieger, 2001). It depends heavily on how the Circle is structured and justice applied, along with the cultural application and influences (Potas et al., 2003). The Circle, in essence, acts as a trouble-shooting and problem-solving forum for common issues of alcoholism and drug abuse, for example, with the community helping the offender achieve success by taking care of children, or in other ways, while the offender attends physical rehabilitation to move away from drugs or alcoholism (Tumeth, 2011). The Circle Sentencing is primarily used in ethnic or tribal situations where cultural environments promote the full group as being active in helping one of its members rather than having the offender be removed to face judicial justice by incarceration. The idea of utilizing the Circle Sentencing came into play in 1999 (Rekhari, 2006-07), first in Port Adelaide, then 2002 in New South Wales (NSW), because it was evident that the indigenous peoples, most often the Aborigines, were becoming more prolific in the judicial system although they were being sentenced more often for lesser crimes than other criminals. Part of this was due to an increase in police powers, truth in sentencing, the criminalisation of offensive language, and that the police often targeted those inclined to recidivism (AIC,

The Influence of Art in Fashion Essay Example for Free

The Influence of Art in Fashion Essay Fashion is a state of mind. A spirit, an extension of ones self. Fashion talks, it can be an understated whisper, a high-energy scream or an all knowing wink and a smile. Principally fashion is about being comfortable with what you are, translating self-esteem into a personal style. Furthermore, art and design were more directly tied at the turn of the twentieth century than they are these days. Artists did not see the dissimilarity among creating an original work of art, such as a painting, and designing a textile pattern that would be reproduced numerous times over. Each was a valid creative act in their eyes. From earliest times, man has changed his clothing often. A phenomenon known as fashion sprang up thousands of years ago. Men and women have tried to wear new things, dissimilar things, clothes that would amaze people or frighten others. To give these people new clothes, other people had to have new ideas, creativity and so were born the first fashion designer around 5,000 years ago. Fashion itself has served as a canvas of purpose for thousands of years. From the delicately gilded armor of crusaders long deceased to the red or blue handkerchiefs that designate gang connection nowadays, fashion has expressed all emotion known to man, yet none so persuasively as conflict. Perhaps the expressions against complacency that are obvious in art are making their way into the world of fashion in preparation for another conflict of sorts, one in which individuals are railing against the societal injustices and political malfeasance of the day. In the late 1920s, a new modernized design aesthetic dubbed Moderne (now known as Art Deco) combined Cubism’s geometric base with supple embellishments. Once more, textile patterns and fashion design echoed the trend. Shiny fabrics merely enhanced the connection with the speed of modern life–and art. The dresses, coats, bathing suits, and evening wraps found in the Tirocchi shop, when placed chronologically, chart for the observer not only the changing silhouette of fashion, nevertheless reflect the fact that fashion was part of an aesthetic that was part and parcel of its time. From the chemise and cloche of the 1920s, echoing Cubist concerns, to the evening dresses of the 1930s, with the body-skimming silhouettes and reflective surfaces, each garment has a particular relationship to the art of its time. Just as the Italian futurists and artists of the Bauhaus in the early part of this century designed clothes that reflected their artworks, so too did the geometric language of Art Deco and Cubism and the paintings of Picasso, Braque and Mondrian, serve as motivation to designers such as Elsa Schiaparelli who come to the forefront of fashion as the Art Deco style began to vanish. Furthermore, one example of art that can be seen in fashion was the collection of Judith Leiber, a leader in couture handbags. She has created more than 3,000 different designs since 1963 and every handbag showed art in very artistic way. Art and fashion have constantly shared an intertwining history and complex visual language, even though fashions influence transcends the white cube of the art gallery or museum space. The language of fashion, whether in the gallery or on the street, offers telling insights into who we were at the beginning of this century, how it has influenced us at the end of this century, and how will affect us in the one to come. In addition, fashion refers to the kinds of clothing that are in a pleasing style at a particular time. At special times in history, fashionable dress has taken extremely different forms. In modern times almost everybody follows fashion to some extent. A young woman would look unusual if she wore the clothing that her grandmother had worn when young. Nevertheless, only a small minority of people dress in the clothing that appears in high-fashion magazines or on fashion-show runways. It is not all the time simple to tell the difference between basic clothing and fashionable clothing. Particularly nowadays, fashion designers frequently use inexpensive and functional items of clothing as inspiration. Blue jeans, for example, originated as functional work clothing for miners and farmers. Yet these days, even people who dress in jeans, T-shirts, and sports clothes might be influenced by fashion. One year, fashionable jeans might have narrow legs; the next year the legs might be baggy. Fashion is art. What ever the designers made is a result of art. Moreover, fashion is something we deal with each day. Even people who say they dont care what they wear choose clothes each morning that say a lot about them and how they feel that day. One sure thing in the fashion world is change. We are continually being bombarded with new fashion ideas from music, videos, books, and television. Movies as well have a big impact on what people wear. Ray-Ban sold more sunglasses after the movie Men in Black. Occasionally a trend is world-wide. Back in the 1950s, teenagers everywhere dressed like Elvis Presley. Fashion is a way of self-expression that allows people to try on numerous roles in life. Whether you prefer hip-hop or Chanel-chic, fashion accommodate the chameleon in all of us. Its a means of celebrating the diversity and variety of the world in which we live. Fashion is about change which is essential to keep life interesting. Its as well a mirror of sorts on society. Its a method of measuring a mood that can be helpful in numerous aspects, culturally, socially even psychologically. At the same time, fashion shouldnt be taken too seriously or you lose the fun of it. Â   References: 25 most influential people in fashion, Retrieved on March 12, 2007 at http://www.time.com/time/europe/fashion/0902/influentials.html Fashion, Retrieved on March 12, 2007 at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion Fashion: A Presentation on Contemporary concepts of Art and Expression, http://www.students.sbc.edu/hart06/Fashion%20Presentation%20copy/Fashion.htm Judith Leiber, Art in hand: Retrieved on March 12, 2007 at http://www.phxart.org/exhibitions/leiber.asp

Female Genital Mutilation Essay -- Culture Cultural Genital Mutilation

Female Genital Mutilation FGM originated in Africa. It was, and remains, a cultural, not a religious practice. Female genital mutilation (FGM) is also known as female circumcision is performed on young women before they reach puberty. There are three types of FGM practiced. One is Sunna circumcision in which the tip of the clitoris and/or its covering (prepuce) are removed, Clitoridectomy where the entire clitoris, the prepuce and adjacent labia are removed, and Infibulation (a.k.a. Pharaonic circumcision) which is a clitoridectomy followed by sewing up of the vulva. Only a small opening is left to allow urine and menstrual blood to pass. In all types of FGM, the vagina is sown up until the female is ready to have sexual intercourse with her spouse or give birth to a child. The remaining sides of the vulva are stitched together to close up the vagina, except for a small opening, which is preserved with slivers of wood or matchsticks. This leaves them with reduced or no sexual feeling. Orgasms are sometimes im possible to experience later in life. Many health problems are a result of this traditional ceremony. Most women that do not go through female genital mutilation do not get married or society looks down on them, because women are viewed as clean and more desirable if FGM has been performed on them. These are the various types of FGM that the men uphold, but it is the women who usually do the cutting. The women that do the cutting are known as Circumciser’s and usually are elderly women figures in the tribe, who went through the same trauma of FGM when they were young girls. Many women who have expressed their experience openly to someone have described scenes such as a group rape. They describe being powerless, held down ... ...girl is the center of attention and receives presents and moral instruction from her elders. Lastly, it creates a bond between the generations, as all women in that society must undergo it and thus have shared an important experience. She also went on to say that by eliminating a women’s physical sex drive, circumcision made marriages more secure, and thus provided greater stability for families. She ended by saying, â€Å"Perhaps Americans, with their high rates of crime and teenage pregnancy, had things backwards†. While leaving out any personal opinion, we leave a question think about. From the background information of FGM, and the two stories of women who have gone through FGM and have run from it, Is it right for Westerners to impose their views and common experiences to a foreign nation that traditionally for thousands of years practiced Female Genital Mutilation? Female Genital Mutilation Essay -- Culture Cultural Genital Mutilation Female Genital Mutilation FGM originated in Africa. It was, and remains, a cultural, not a religious practice. Female genital mutilation (FGM) is also known as female circumcision is performed on young women before they reach puberty. There are three types of FGM practiced. One is Sunna circumcision in which the tip of the clitoris and/or its covering (prepuce) are removed, Clitoridectomy where the entire clitoris, the prepuce and adjacent labia are removed, and Infibulation (a.k.a. Pharaonic circumcision) which is a clitoridectomy followed by sewing up of the vulva. Only a small opening is left to allow urine and menstrual blood to pass. In all types of FGM, the vagina is sown up until the female is ready to have sexual intercourse with her spouse or give birth to a child. The remaining sides of the vulva are stitched together to close up the vagina, except for a small opening, which is preserved with slivers of wood or matchsticks. This leaves them with reduced or no sexual feeling. Orgasms are sometimes im possible to experience later in life. Many health problems are a result of this traditional ceremony. Most women that do not go through female genital mutilation do not get married or society looks down on them, because women are viewed as clean and more desirable if FGM has been performed on them. These are the various types of FGM that the men uphold, but it is the women who usually do the cutting. The women that do the cutting are known as Circumciser’s and usually are elderly women figures in the tribe, who went through the same trauma of FGM when they were young girls. Many women who have expressed their experience openly to someone have described scenes such as a group rape. They describe being powerless, held down ... ...girl is the center of attention and receives presents and moral instruction from her elders. Lastly, it creates a bond between the generations, as all women in that society must undergo it and thus have shared an important experience. She also went on to say that by eliminating a women’s physical sex drive, circumcision made marriages more secure, and thus provided greater stability for families. She ended by saying, â€Å"Perhaps Americans, with their high rates of crime and teenage pregnancy, had things backwards†. While leaving out any personal opinion, we leave a question think about. From the background information of FGM, and the two stories of women who have gone through FGM and have run from it, Is it right for Westerners to impose their views and common experiences to a foreign nation that traditionally for thousands of years practiced Female Genital Mutilation?

Ejlert Lovborg and Hedda Gabler direction and casting

Briefly outline your casting ideas for the roles of Hedda and Ejlert Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg and then explain how you would direct your actors, in the scenes in which they appear together, in order to reveal their complex feelings for one another. As a director I would direct this play to have a naturalistic style. The play should be as though the audience were watching a small slice of the lives being lived in the Tesman house. Therefore I would use realistic furnishings. For the role of Hedda Gabler I would cast an actor able to show military inheritance through stature, bearing and voice. Hedda would have perfect, aristocratic posture, an air of arrogance and power, and a strong, manipulating voice. As written in the stage directions, the actor would be a â€Å"lady of 29† or thereabouts. She would be tall and slim; have â€Å"steel grey† eyes, and â€Å"medium brown† hair, â€Å"not particularly ample,† which would be put up in a loose bun. Hedda would wear dark coloured satin dresses. She would speak with a slow pace and leave pauses, so as to keep the other characters waiting on her words. Her wit would be dry. The actor who would play Ejlert Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg would be 33 years old. He would be quite slim, with short dark hair, bright green eyes, and a short beard. He would be dressed in a dark, fitting, three piece suit, â€Å"quite new,† with a matching top hat. He would be pale, with definitive cheekbones. He would have fast paced delivery of lines and a low pitch. His most prized possession would be the manuscript for his new book, which is his ‘child' with Thea Elvsted. As a rehearsal process I would ask the actors to write down their previous relationship before the actual written play starts. I would ask them to improvise scenes which are linked with there previous lives. For example when Hedda was about to shoot Ejlert when they were younger. I would also ask the actors to write their biography for their characters. During Act two where Hedda and Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg first meet in the play, Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg â€Å"seems a little embarrassed.† I would direct the actor playing Hedda to show her boredom with Brack and Tesman just before Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg enters. When Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg comes in, Hedda's change in mood would be sudden, her eyes would light up and her body language would show excitement. Hedda would be stimulated by the situation unfolding before her. When Thea arrives she will be able to play. As Hedda takes the album from the desk, I would direct the actor to not look at Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg but at Brack and Tesman. As she sits Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg would move closer and take a seat next to her, â€Å"not once† taking â€Å"his eyes off her.† Then whispering to her, â€Å"Hedda†¦Gabler.† His expression would show that he is still in love with her. As Hedda's next line, â€Å"Now! Sh!† would be said with a smile, she's happy she still has a hold ov er him and she can manipulate him. We see how Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg is still infatuated with her as he is disgusted with Hedda that she has thrown herself â€Å"away like that.† He also calls her â€Å"dearest Hedda† and â€Å"darling Hedda,† the actor would show how he wishes the best for her, and his desire to be loved by Hedda. When Mrs. Elvsted enters Hedda will be happy as she is now able to see how her actions will affect people's lives. Although she doesn't quite expect Mrs. Elvsted and Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg to be as close. â€Å"He says I've inspired him, too,† Hedda's reaction to this line would be envy, she wanted to be the inspiration, she wanted to be at the heart of something exciting, instead she is bored all day. When Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg declines the punch, he would look to Mrs. Elvsted with an expression of enthusiasm, Hedda would just look straight on at him with a false expression of admiration. Then Hedda smoothly changes tactic by adding that he must drink â€Å"because of other people.† As Mrs. Elvsted realises that Hedda is beginning to win the fight, the changes in status and moods between the characters would gain momentum. After Hedda says that Mrs. Elvsted came around in â€Å"a state of desperation,† She would calm herself and relax back into the chair, whilst smiling between Mrs. Elvsted and Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg, and nod at Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg next line. â€Å"Desperation,† Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg would sit bolt up looking between Hedda and Mrs. Elvsted with a questioning look. The sudden turn in the situation would give Hedda joy, and fuel her to go on, â€Å"Your going to a party,† she has again found how to control Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg. In the final part of Act three, Hedda and Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg say goodbye for the last time. Just as Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg is â€Å"about to leave,† Hedda reaches her hand out in his direction and says, â€Å"No! Wait!† She moves across to the desk, and begins unlocking the pistol case as she says her following line. He stands there, motionless watching her, hoping she has the answer to all that is wrong, a look of hope in him. As she turns from the desk Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg is slightly disappointed that Hedda is carrying a pistol, she hands it to him slowly as she says, â€Å"do you recognise it?† He takes a slightly angry tone as he remarks that Hedda â€Å"should have used it† before. Hedda clasps her hands around his during the line â€Å"well†¦! You use it now,† showing a small but significant sign of affection for Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg. When he leaves she would move slowly over to the stove momentarily stopping to retrieve the manuscript. The pull ing up a chair she would begin to burn the manuscript, page by page, ripping each one with an audible tear. Saying her lines slowly with a sneer. During her time with Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg, we see that Hedda Gabler can show affection for others, and we also see her most manipulative side. The softly spoken â€Å"vine leaves† image shows how Hedda controls others to gain the perfect circumstances for her dull life, these ideals of love give her happiness. When her ideals are not met, then her attitude changes and the characters are put into place until she is happy with what is happening around her.

World War Two and the B-24 Bomber

Several aircraft from the World War Two era have achieved iconic status. The F4U Corsair, TBM Avenger and the B-17 and B-29 Super fortresses are all legendary in their service for the Allied cause. There is another such aircraft that never achieved the fame of those mentioned but was critical to the Allies war effort none the less. The Consolidated B-24 Liberator was the work horse of the Allied fleet. Its entrance into the war came at a critical and vulnerable time for Allied survival in Europe. After proving its effectiveness in early missions the B-24 would go on to be used in all theatres of the conflict.It was the most numerous, most versatile and possibly the most effective Allied plane of World War Two. The Design Stage The B-24 bomber was designed as part of the strategic bombing plans drawn up by the Allies in the 1930s. Built by Consolidated Aircraft of Ypsilanti, Michigan, the bomber took its first flight in late December of 1939. Consolidated was a subsidiary of the Ford Motor Company, an icon of American business. The Ford factory was able to produce more than four hundred B-24s per month. By 1941 the plane would enter wartime service. High demand in 1942-43 prompted Consolidated to expand its production facilities.The San Diego plant was increased to three times its original size. A new plant was built in Fort Worth, Texas. The flagship plant was built in Willow Run, Michigan in 1942. At the time this plant was the largest industrial plant of any kind in the United States. In the process thousands of Americans were put to work. The vastness of the Willow Run Plant made for some interesting accommodations. At a certain point in the assembly line the planes would be mechanically turned at a right angle. The purpose was to avoid having the planes crossing into a neighboring county where taxes were higher.Consolidated had received the contract to produce the B-17 bomber only one year earlier in 1938. After examining the capabilities of the B-17, the A rmy requested a faster and higher flying plane. The updated plans would result in the building of the B-24 Liberator. Designed as a strategic heavy bomber the airplane was affectionately referred to as the â€Å"Lumbering Lib† by the RAF pilots who used it to patrol the Atlantic. 2 â€Å"Liberator† would then be incorporated officially as part of the aircraft’s name. The plane almost immediately went into heavy production. A mainstay of the Army andNavy air forces, it was also used by the RAF (Royal Air Force) and the RCAF (Royal Canadian Air Force). The plane cost about $300,000 to build. By wars end over 19,000 B-24s had been built 3. This exceeds the total of any other Allied aircraft. 1. Philip Makanna. 1995. Ghosts in the Skies: Aviation of the Second World War. (San Francisco: Chronicle Books), p. 156. 2. Philip Makanna. 1995. Ghosts in the Skies: Aviation of the Second World War. (San Francisco: Chronicle Books), p. 157. 3. Bill Gunston. 2000. History of Military Aviation. (London: Hamlyn Pub. ), p. 93.Bomber design was still in its infancy and the B-24 did have some problems. It was prone to fire due to the placement of its fuel tanks. The only way to enter or exit the plane was through the bomb bay, a difficult proposition in a crisis situation. It was also somewhat cumbersome to fly. The plane’s designers had to make these tradeoffs in order to maximize the performance and the long range capability of the aircraft. The plane was also somewhat vulnerable to enemy fire, given its relatively lightweight construction. The high altitude capability of the plane helped minimize this threat.There were a substantial number of orders for the plane even while it was still only a prototype. In addition to the three dozen ordered by the Army, the French and British had each ordered more than three times that number. The French order was cut short by the German invasion in 1940. The British received their order and immediately put the p lanes to use on critical missions. Introduction to the War Ultimately, the B-24 would serve a wide ranging role in all corners of the conflict. It would be used to â€Å"equip 45 groups all over the world† 4. The initial role for the B-24 was to conduct deep ocean patrols.The British were in dire need of a long range patrol aircraft, Prior to the arrival of B-24s in the Atlantic, German U-boats were wreaking havoc on Allied shipping. British reconnaissance activities had a limited range. The arrival of the B-24 allowed the Royal Air Force to patrol much farther out into the ocean. As a result the U-boats were driven back into areas where they could be more easily targeted. The ultimate result was impressive – â€Å"The arrival of radar-equipped RAF B-24s in _____________________________________________________________________ 4. Bill Gunston. 2000. History of Military Aviation.(London: Hamlyn Pub. ), p. 93. Ireland†¦temporarily ended sinkings in the mid-Atlanticà ¢â‚¬  5. In 1942 the British began to use the B-24 in long-range bombing missions in the Middle East. Up to this time the plane had primarily served in recon and transport functions. American entry in to the war also led to a buildup of forces in England. Had the RAF Atlantic patrols not been effective; it is likely that the buildup would have taken much longer and Britain may have been lost. â€Å"The Mighty Eighth† was among the early American air groups transferred to Britain 6. The eighth brought with them numerous B-17s and B-24s.As the British and American forces continued to gain their footing, their mission would gradually evolve from the Atlantic patrols to the long range bombing missions over Germany. In the early years of the war radar equipped B-24s proved more than a match for the German U-boat menace. The RAF was able to drive the U-boats out of the middle Atlantic, at least for a while. The Germans would make modifications to U-boat strategy to counter the eff ects of the B-24s, but safe passage for shipping at this vital stage would play an important role in stemming the German tide.The British were able to gain their footing and the Americans were able to get a foothold in Europe. By defeating u-boats, the allies established control of the Atlantic, Saved Britain and made possible the invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe. 7 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Charles Gross. 2002. American Military Aviation: The Indispensable Arm. (College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press), p. 106. 6. Bill Gunston. 2000. History of Military Aviation. (London: Hamlyn Pub. ), p. 93. 7. Charles Gross. 2002.American Military Aviation: The Indispensable Arm. (College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press), p. 207. The plane would also become a key asset in the Pacific theater. With the B-29 still in development, U. S. forces needed a long-range bomber to cover the vast distances of th e Pacific Ocean. As additional bombers came on-line, the B-24 proved especially amenable to modification for different purposes. In that sense â€Å"It was altogether more versatile† than the B-17 and B-29 8. In the Pacific, the B-24 was considered the â€Å"standard† heavy bomber. Range was a primary asset of the B-24.Its ability to complete 2,000 mile missions without refueling made it possible to conduct missions far out at sea or over hostile territory. The plane could carry over 8,000 pounds of bombs. For defensive purposes, it was armed with ten . 50 caliber machine guns. The B-24 had been among the early generation of long-range bombers developed in between World Wars one and two. Even so, the aircraft boasted many new innovations and capabilities. Its design also allowed for great flexibility of use. Some B-24s were modified for use in reconnaissance missions. Their high altitude capabilities added to their effectiveness in this role.The B-24s engines also had the power for the plane to be used in transport of materials and personnel. A few were used as fuel tankers. The B-24 was even used as a VIP transport plane. The Prime Minister of Britain, Winston Churchill, used one as his personal transport plane. Turbo supercharged engines were first added to the XB-24B model along with body armor and self sealing tanks. Power driven turrets and additional nose guns were added to the 24C. The development of the Norden bombsight enabled the B-24 to drop its bombs accurately from a vertical distance of up to five miles.All in all the B-24 8. Christopher Chant. 1992. The Military History of the United States (Vol. 9). (New York: Marshall Cavendish), p. 91. Liberator was a fearsome weapon of war. The Liberator: †¦had the defensive firepower and high altitude performance to fight their way through screens of Axis fighters and then deliver their bombs with pinpoint accuracy. 9 The B-24H produced in 1943 was an even more formidable weapon. This ver sion had a power-operated gun turret in the nose of the aircraft. It also had an auto pilot system and a refueling system.An improved version of the Norden bombsight provided even better bomb accuracy. Analysis and Conclusion The B-24 Liberator filled a critical gap in the offensive and defensive capabilities of the Allied air forces. It was heavily relied upon throughout the war. In the early part of the war it provided a vital strike capability against the German U-boats in the Atlantic. The B-24 also proved itself in peace time. It was used well into the 1950s by the Coast Guard for rescue and weather recon missions. Near the end of the war and half a world away a B-24 launched the first radar guided air to ground missile in 1945.At the beginning of the war long-range bombing formation tactics were still in their infancy. Losses for the B-17 and the B-24 were high. As the war continued, tactics improved and the B-24 in particular became more effective. The B-24 was flexible enoug h to be used in all theaters of the war. Not only was it a constant presence in Europe and the Pacific; it also performed well in Africa, India and the Middle East. The Liberator ultimately made its name in the Battle of the Atlantic. The â€Å"Atlantic ________________________________________________________________________ 9. Christopher Chant. 1992.The Military History of the United States (Vol. 9). (New York: Marshall Cavendish), p. 126. Gap† was an area of the ocean where German submarines had previously operated with impunity. This threatened to cut of England from critical military and humanitarian supplies. The B-24 was the first aircraft with the range to effectively patrol the gap. For this reason it has been credited by some with saving Britain. It is possible that without them, attrition could have weakened Britain to the point where they were vulnerable to invasion. The redesigns of the B-24 were both effective and creative.Many of the ideas for these modificatio ns came from soldiers in the field. In one example, soldiers used a damaged B-24 to design a transport plane. Back in the United States, Consolidated put their ideas into mass production. The B-24 was rugged, innovative and flexible. It might be argued that its greatest effect on the war came from the sheer number of planes produced. More B-24s flew in the war than any other plane. The Ford Motor company was the unquestioned master of mass production. It had an unrivaled ability to produce huge numbers of machines very quickly.It is this type of industrial might that eventually overwhelmed the Axis powers. The B-24 Liberator was symbolic of that power. Notes 1. Philip Makanna. 1995. Ghosts in the Skies: Aviation of the Second World War. (San Francisco: Chronicle Books), p. 156. 2. Philip Makanna. 1995. Ghosts in the Skies: Aviation of the Second World War. (San Francisco: Chronicle Books), p. 157. 3. Bill Gunston. 2000. History of Military Aviation. (London: Hamlyn Pub. ), p. 93. 4. Bill Gunston. 2000. History of Military Aviation. (London: Hamlyn Pub. ), p. 93. 5. Charles Gross. 2002.American Military Aviation: The Indispensable Arm. (College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press), p. 106. 6. Bill Gunston. 2000. History of Military Aviation. (London: Hamlyn Pub. ), p. 93. 7. Charles Gross. 2002. American Military Aviation: The Indispensable Arm. (College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press), p. 207. 8. Christopher Chant. 1992. The Military History of the United States (Vol. 9). (New York: Marshall Cavendish), p. 91. 9. Christopher Chant. 1992. The Military History of the United States (Vol. 9). (New York: Marshall Cavendish), p. 126.

Choose two authors writing about either Market forecasting; Competitor analysis or Environmental analysis The WritePass Journal

Choose two authors writing about either Market forecasting; Competitor analysis or Environmental analysis INTRODUCTION Choose two authors writing about either Market forecasting; Competitor analysis or Environmental analysis , 93) The market interaction of a foothold as a new means of doing business or to interact with the consumer base is a response to the competitor analysis of competitive benchmarking.   The competitor rivalry between firms in the market place is purported by Upson et al to be driven by the use of footholds to enter and leave new markets.   â€Å"Foothold moves (attacks and withdrawals) can-have important implications for the nature of rivalry between firms.†Ã‚   (Upson et al, 2012, 93)   The use of foothold moves may   determine competitor reaction when willfully responding to a foothold strategy.   The foothold allows for a reactant, which is a market competitor to create a strategy in response to a market move from a much larger market competitor operating in a parallel market likely in the same industry. The aforementioned analysis is supported by the following past research provided by Upson et al.   â€Å"Karnani and Wernfelt suggested that a â€Å"mutual foothold equilibrium† wherein each of two firms owns a small share of a market that the other dominates can reduce rivalry, because each firm â€Å"has a stick with which to discipline the other firm† (1985: 90).†Ã‚   (Upson et al, 2012, 93) The same logic does apply when two firms own a large share of the market.   If the competitor to the foothold firm makes an attempt to aggregate a larger share of the market, the foothold firm can counter with innovating within the foothold market by adopting a new technique or methodology to the underlying functionality of the technology that is competing in that particular space, for example, server software. The research specific to the contribution of Upson et al is to reduce the space between the knowns and unknowns   known about footholds with respect to potential importance to competition† (Upson et al, 2002, 94†Ã‚  Ã‚   Upson particularly does examine â€Å"how competitor analysis influences foothold attacks and withdrawals.†Ã‚   (Upson et al, 2012, 94) Competitor analysis is therefore a sequential movement of activity between competitor firms that try to gain market share in either their established market or to a foothold market via retaliation. This approach to competitor analysis is interesting to the current business environment due to the focus on entrepreneurialism and on innovation as a means to business success. The second compare and contrast article is entitled ‘Competitor Analysis and Interfirm Rivalry: Toward a Theoretical Integration’, by Chen (1996). The title ostensibly parallels the same framework as the previous study as the interfirm rivalry is likely to refer to direct competitors operating in the same sector within the same industry. The main function of competitive analysis   provides an understanding that allows one to â€Å"predict the rivalry, or interactive market behavior, between firms in their quest for a competitive position in an industry (Caves, 1984; Porter 1980; Scherer Ross, 1990).†Ã‚   (Chen, 1996, 100-101) Chen points to Caves et al research as the primary theoretical approach used to define the causal methodology necessary to identify competitive analysis. The rivalry is therefore considered to be predictable relative to the interactivity of market behavior as firms compete for greater market share in their industry. Chen has chosen the Caves et al research which establishes the rivalry between firms as a means to measure the level of competition through market channel interactions.   The market interactions are analyzed on the premise that rivalries will respond to each move with a more competitive move.   Chen points to competitive analysis research that does not necessarily distinguish the market as either superior or inferior.   The superior market will be the market with larger or the largest market share and the inferior market will be the equivalent of a foothold market or essentially a secondary/auxiliary market. The clumping of market competition will inherently view any move against a rival as relevant to competitor analysis without necessarily distinguishing the response based on the level of market share relative to the market share held by the rival. Porter’s (1980) five force’s is used by Chen to identify the means to which competition is driven.   Porter’s Five Forces, has remained most within academia and out of the perspective of industrial operations. .  Ã‚   Chen isolates the strategic-group approach (Barney et al) as the most relevant to competitor analysis the strategic-group approach (Barney Hoskisson, 1990; McGee Thomas, 1986) is by far the most popular and relevant.†Ã‚   (Chen, 1996, 101) This use of the strategic-group approach within Chen’s theoretical framework   does point to the lack of a market context that researchers apply to the study of competing firms. Competing firms directly engage each other in the market and to the level of direct competition between each competing firm.   The analysis from the research into competitor analysis relative to the findings of Barney et al reveals that a lack of study between the interaction and the direct competitive responses betw een firms. This may have to do with the lack of identification by researchers of the market moves by competing firms in response to interacting market forces and in obtaining greater market share. The focus inherently shifts to areas of competitor analysis that have remained neglected from study.   Areas where researchers previously ignored the market context that drove business decisions relative to rivalries and competitor analysis are inherently under investigation for further clarification. â€Å"Thus far, some of the most fundamental questions in competitor analysis have remained unexplored (Gatignon, 1984; Weitz, 1985). For example, how can researchers studying competition differentiate among players in an industry to explain each player’s market behaviors?† (Chen, 1996, 101) The aforementioned question is inherently the issue with regard to research competitor analysis. Competitor analysis is inclusive of having the ability to differentiate between industry players and their reactions to competitor moves as to whether each move and subsequent move is a function of competitor rivalry. ANALYSIS OF VIEWS The research by Upson et al is essentially subsequent to the Chen research. Upson et al isolates the rivalry response to be within the possibility of the secondary market or the foothold. The identification of the foothold as a means to check the power of a rival firm operating in the primary market of a two-firm rivalry is ostensibly the focus of the Upson et al research which is a complement to the Chen research.   The authors seemingly agree that competitor analysis is a market research based activity that seeks to distinguish the primary, secondary, and tertiary forces.   These forces do enable interlink between industry competitors and further identify industry competitors as possible industry rivals. â€Å"How can a firm, before launching an attack, assess its prebattle relationship with a given rival and the resultant likelihood that this rival would retaliate? How can a firm gauge which opponent is most likely to attack its markets? How can strategists differentiate amon g a set of competitors to allow the firm to allocate appropriate resources and attention to each?† (Chen, 1996, 101) The aforementioned are more relevant to internal firm analysis than external competitor analysis given the weaknesses and threats a firm may face inherent to its industry and market and with respect to the competition. The question posed by Chen of whether a firm will retaliate is interlinked with the Upson et al research regarding the foothold.   The interpretation of the foothold strategy with regard to retaliatory strategy in competitor analysis is that of a leverage tool to have a competitor firm think twice about increasing industry competition in the primary market.   If the rival does not have a market foothold and is inherently weaker in the primary market strategy, a competitor firm may be able to attack the rival firm without retaliation. The importance of establishing a foothold is identified as the primary measure to prevent retaliatory practice and to which a competitor firm does respond to a rival attack.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Any given foothold is especially valuable as a deterrent in relation to the competitor that has the highest market commonality with the firm that owns the foothold. A focal firm is most vulnerable to rivalrous moves by this competitor; thus, holding a foothold as a hedge against such moves is likely to be seen as useful.† (Upson et al, 2012, 96) The foothold therefore becomes the means of deterrence for rival firms to not pursue attack strategies. The foothold then becomes a defensive tool or mechanism to prevent attacks against the firm from rivals. Even should the foothold lose money, its presence as a possible attack or retaliatory mechanism is perhaps enough of an intrinsic value to protect against losses from an attack where there not a foothold presence in place. Upson et al and Chen draw o n complementary research to provide a contiguous analysis of the issue of competitor analysis. SUMMARY Upson et al and Chen bring to light several issues with respect to competitor analysis. The research presented by the two authors is more comparable than is contrasting with respect to the definition of competitor analysis and the use of competitor analysis in industry and practice. The Upson et al research presents a theory that answers the questions surrounding competitor analysis posed by Chen. The use of a foothold in the market as defined by Upson et al is the retaliatory measure or the gauge to provide a measuring tool to keep the rival from competing too harshly. Chen’s research sought to identify how firms retaliate toward each other as a market move may just be a market move performed by the firm due to the firm seeking to position itself relative to its best interest. Therefore, the move will not inherently be an attack against the rival yet the perception may be that of an attack against the rival to which retaliation may follow. The main comparison between the researchers is the identification of competitor analysis as a direct and indirect means of performing market research relative to the identification of competitive positioning. Upson et al provides the theory of foothold market analysis that complements Chen’s research. Chen will likely agree that use of the foothold is a rival response to a competitor market move as well as use of the foothold as a potential measure of attack to which a retaliatory response in the primary market may follow. The inter market dynamic of competitor firms operating in the same industry and sector is identified by Upson et al and Chen via use of the same scope and measure of framework. The framework of identifying competitor analysis by use of underscoring the firm rivalry and the market moves relative to the market positioning of the rivals is the inter market dynamic that is agreed upon to be the concrete link between the Upson et al and Chen research. The authors share similar business views as they seek to define the underlying causes regarding the rivalry relationship between firms undergoing competitor analysis. The analysis of market activity within the scope of firm rivalries provides a framework to identify market moves and the potential motives behind each market move. Is the firm taking advantage of a market weakness or is the firm attacking a rival? The foothold theory attempts to provide a means to analyze such a question and render an analysis that describes the move with respect to the relationship to the current market position of the rival. The key takeaway is the identification of the importance of market context relative to the firm rivalry interaction and the strategy of each firm as identified by the sequential market move of each firm in the market place. References M-J. Chen, Competitor Analysis and Interfirm Rivalry: Toward a Theoretical Integration. Academy of Management Review Vol. 21. No. 1, 100-134. 1996 http://gatton.uky.edu/Faculty/ferrier/Chen%201996.pdf D Ketchen Jr. A. Ranf, J. Upson, Competitor Analysis and Foothold Moves. Academy of Management Journal Vol. 55. No. 1, 93-110. 2012 http://amj.aom.org/content/55/1/93.full.pdf+html

Mentoring and Coaching The WritePass Journal

Mentoring and Coaching Introduction Mentoring and Coaching Introduction ReferencesRelated Introduction â€Å"Mentoring is a complex, interactive process, occurring between individuals of differing levels of experience and expertise which incorporates interpersonal psychosocial development, career and / or educational development, and socialisation functions into the professional relationship†¦to the extent that parameters of mutuality and comparability exist in the relationship, the potential outcomes of respect, professionalism, collegiality, and role fulfilment will result.†   (p.121). This premise defines the role of the mentor in ITT.   It is the timely sharing of experience and expertise in a climate that permits acceptance. Assessment of student responses to educational philosophy, lectures, tutorials and general professional conduct enable the mentor to develop hypotheses relating to teaching potential. Observation allows the mentor to gain first-hand experience of skills and competencies by observing them in practice. Detailed planning is a requirement for effective teaching. However it is intention and cannot tell us about empathy, relationships, voice, delivery, organisation or outcomes. Observation enables greater understanding of the actions and nuances of teaching. Students find observation a positive learning experience if it is underpinned by a developmental approach. In some professions trust is implicit in the role a person plays. For example if we are ill we see a doctor and often unquestioningly allow them to invade our body with drugs or cut us open with the belief that this will make us better. The mentor has to earn that trust and become a credible force for change if they are to be effective. Klasen with Clutterbuck (2002) argue that mentors should be trained, and matched to mentees in areas such as ‘compatibility of needs to experience’ or in terms of ‘age’ and ‘gender’. ITT mentors are selected through a default system of position. Matching does not take place. Relationships, swiftly built, are transitory. Yet, key to effectiveness is the development of a relationship based on openness, transparency and trust. Clutterbuck (2004) identifies nine competencies which he considers necessary attributes of a mentor. Carmin (1993) suggests, ‘honesty, objectivity, active listening, openness, trust and the ability to be a reflective partner’ as essential characteristics of mentorship. The skill set of a teacher should reflect Carmin’s criteria. As ITT mentors have been teachers, training is implicit in prior experience. Key to building effective relationships and providing leadership, is communication. Kaser et al (2002) cited in Evans (2007) argue that the quality of communication by the leader has a direct impact on the quality of learning of those being led. However to communicate effectively there has to be frequency to build familiarity within that communication. As a lecturer in ITT I meet numerous students during seminars or lectures. It can be difficult to forge close personal relationships with all students at these times. More intimate meetings occur during observations where we enjoy a shared experience and during feedback sessions. Rodger (2006) states that the most successful mentoring framework,   Ã¢â‚¬Å"†¦. is the one underpinned by a secure personal relationship between mentor and trainee.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  (p. 37) Clutterbuck (2004) stresses the need for the mentor to possess a range of communication skills in order to facilitate openness whilst observing, both in terms of the mentees feeling confident enough to express themselves and the mentor being open to what is being observed. I have found this to be the case. Therefore I have striven to be creative with the use of technology to add to relationships. Students respond quickly and openly to modern communication facilities and become more relaxed as a result. Bibby (2009) suggests that the nuances of relationships forged between the mentor and the mentee will inevitably affect mentee learning and development. In my practice the positive relationships built up over a period of time through effective communication improve student development. Classroom observations can be stressful and as a result alter behaviours. Therefore a valid assessment as a basis for constructive discourse can be adversely affected. Incumbent on the tutor is to put observations into context, thus allaying fears and allowing a professional dialogue to ensue. Empathy of and an understanding for each others’ roles, needs to be explicit. In ITT, the roles are given. This serves to eradicate confusion within the mentor/student relationship forming a firm basis for honest dialogue. There has to be a tacit understanding that judgements will be made but used as a means to inform further development not for punitive action. Observations provide a critique from a critical but trusted colleague. If there is a perceived credibility gap advice will lack impact. Credibility is earned through a relationship that acknowledges expertise and operates within a culture of mutual trust and respect. The recipient must feel that their abilities and competence are enhanced as a result of observation. The conduct of any observation and the climate of the classroom can support or detract from positive outcomes in terms of learning.   Therefore, it is important that a shared protocol of behaviours and outcomes operates. I have found it useful to discuss with my students the time, focus and length of the observation. This promotes confidence and transparency in the observation. It is essential to establish that good teaching is measured by its impact on pupil learning.   Similarly the observer must discard their pedagogy during the lesson and focus on outcomes. Therefore personal preference does not affect the judgments. I have considered the importance of developing positive relationships, a climate that facilitates good observations and the importance of jointly agreed patterns of working. This enables judgments to be made within a positive culture. The crucial aspect promoting development is feedback. Singleton and Linton (2006) refer to this as the ‘courageous conversation’ involving four essential elements based on honesty and openness. This can only be achieved if the relationship has been built on the same traits. Durgahee (1998) argues that, â€Å"Mentoring can also assist with professional development by facilitating critical reflection on practice.† (p.159) Freire (1998) is more assertive when he states, â€Å"Critical reflection on practice is a requirement of the relationship between theory and practice.† (p.30) Students who evaluate their practice are able make sense of what is happening. This is a constructivist approach which has its basis in a Piagetian description of learning. This enables development, whereas an ‘instructionist’ approach is primarily rooted in the transmission and conveyance of advice and knowledge rather than debate. Carnell, MacDonald and Askew (2006) argue that by adopting a constructivist approach it is possible to co-construct targets for development. This enables ownership, understanding and a belief in the efficacy of the targets. Downey M. (2003) would argue that the observation should bring reality to the situation from which targets evolve. Therefore the relationship between mentor and mentee becomes rooted in development. References Bibby, T., 2009. How do children understand themselves as learners? Towards a learner-centred understanding of pedagogy. Pedagogy, Culture and Society, 17(1) : 41-55. Carmin, C., 1993. The Mentor’s Role. Available at cppsu.dundee.ac.uk (accessed February 2011). Carnell, E. MacDonald, J. and Askew, S., (2006). Mentoring and Coaching in Higher Education: a learning centred approach. London: Institute of Education. Clutterbuck, D.,   2004. Everyone Needs A Mentor. Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Downey, M., 2003. Effective Coaching. Thomson. Durgahee, T., 1998, Facilitating reflection: from a sage on stage to a guide on the side. Nurse Education Today, Vol. 18, Issue 2, pp. 158-164. February 1998. Evans, D., 2007. Learning to be a Leader/Mentor. Mentoring and Tutoring Vol. 15, No.4. Routledge. Freire, P., 1998. Pedagogy of Freedom. Roman and Littlefield Publishers. Hargreaves, E., 2010. Knowledge Construction and Personal Relationships, Mentoring and Tutoring: Partnership in Learning. Vol. 18, No.2. May 2010. Kaser, J., Mundry, S., Stiles, K.E., Loukes-Horsley, S., 2002. Leading Every Day: 124 actions for effective leadership. Corwin Press. Kullman, J., 1998. Mentoring and the Development of Reflective Practice: concepts and context. System 26. Klasen, N. with Clutterbuck, D., 2002. Implementing Mentoring Schemes. Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. O’Brien, J. Christie, F., 2005. Characteristics of support for beginning teachers. Mentoring and Tutoring: Partnership in Leaning. Vol. 13, No.2, Routledge. Rodger F., 2006. The Ideal Mentor . Professional Learning Today, Spring. Singleton G. E. Linton C., 2006. Courageous conversations about race: a field guide for achieving equity in schools. Corwin Press. Tomlinson P., 1995. Understanding Mentoring. Open University Press. Email Marketing Coaching